{"id":102,"date":"2008-07-03T11:51:21","date_gmt":"2008-07-03T16:51:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/?page_id=102"},"modified":"2009-10-29T17:21:21","modified_gmt":"2009-10-29T23:21:21","slug":"present-perfect","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/verbs\/present-perfect\/","title":{"rendered":"Present Perfect"},"content":{"rendered":"

In Persian, the present perfect<\/strong> is constructed by the addition of the present copulas to the past participle (note the construction of the present perfect<\/strong> is dependent upon the past participle<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
I have said.<\/td>\ngofte-am<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentperfect_01] \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
You have said. singular<\/em><\/td>\ngofte-yi<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentperfect_02] \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
He\/she has said.<\/td>\ngofte ast<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentperfect_03] \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
We have said.<\/td>\ngofte-yim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentperfect_04] \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
You have said. plural<\/em><\/td>\ngofte-yid<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentperfect_05] \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
They have said.<\/td>\ngofte-and<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentperfect_06] \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

The negative is constructed by the addition of the prefix [-na] to the participle:<\/p>\n

nagofte-am<\/em> \u201cI have not said.\u201d[tag resources presentperfect_07] \u0646\u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0645[\/tag]<\/h5>\n

By and large, the Persian present perfect, sometimes referred to as past narrative, corresponds to the English present perfect:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
I have seen.<\/td>\ndide-am<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentperfect_08]\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
You have been. singular<\/em><\/td>\nbude-yi<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentperfect_09]\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
She\/he has gone.<\/td>\nrafte ast<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentperfect_10]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\nWe have eaten.<\/td>\nxorde-yim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentperfect_11]\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\nYou have heard. plural<\/em><\/td>\n\u0161anide-yid<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentperfect_12]\u0634\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\nThey have lived.<\/td>\nzendegi karde-and<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentperfect_13]\u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

However, its correspondence to English is very limited. That is to say, there are instances in the usage of the present perfect in Persian, for which English may use different moods and tenses, especially in the case of the difference between the transitive and intransitive verbs. For instance, compare and contrast the following Persian present perfect and its English translation:<\/p>\n

\n[tag resources presentperfect_14] \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0634\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nkuro\u0161-e bozorg \u0161\u0101h-e d\u0101dgari bude ast<\/em>
\n\u201cCyrus the Great was a just king.\u201d Literally, \u201cCyrus the Great has been a just king.\u201d
\n<\/h5>\n
\n[tag resources presentperfect_15] \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0641\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nh\u0101fez dar \u0161ir\u0101z dafn \u0161ode ast<\/em>
\n\u201cHafez is buried in Shiraz.\u201d Literally, \u201c\u2026has been buried\u2026.\u201d
\n<\/h5>\n

A very particular instance may be explained as follows:<\/p>\n

Normally, when the narrator has been personally witnessing, or experiencing an event which has started in the past but is still of some sort of relevance in the present, both Persian and English use the present perfect:<\/p>\n

\n[tag resources presentperfect_16] \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nin \u0161\u0101h t\u0101 inj\u0101 \u0161\u0101h-e xubi bude ast<\/em>
\n\u201cSo far this king has been a good one.\u201d
\n<\/h5>\n

However, when an event in the past is still considered to be of some sort of relevance or pertinence in the present time, while the narrator has not witnessed, or experienced it in person, Persian uses the present perfect, while in English the simple past, preterit, is used. Compare and contrast the following Persian and English sentences:<\/p>\n

\n[tag resources presentperfect_17] \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nferdowsi \u0161\u0101\u2019er-e bozorgi bude ast<\/em>
\n\u201cFerdowsi was a great poet.\u201d
\n<\/h5>\n
\n[tag resources presentperfect_18] \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0651\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nmowl\u0101n\u0101 dar quniyye vaf\u0101t y\u0101fte ast<\/em>
\n\u201cMowlana (that is, Rumi) passed away in Konya.\u201d Literally, \u201c\u2026has passed away\u2026.\u201d
\n<\/h5>\n
\n[tag resources presentperfect_19] \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nbar\u0101dar-e sim\u0101 mo\u2019allem-e xubi bude ast<\/em>
\n\u201cSima\u2019s brother was a good teacher.\u201d
\n<\/h5>\n

All of these suggest, \u201cbased on evidence, or even hearsay, the saying is true, but I have not witnessed or experienced it personally,\u201d in other words, \u201cI wasn\u2019t there when it took place or was true at the time.\u201d This may be illustrated in the difference between the following sentences:<\/p>\n

\n

[tag resources presentperfect_20] \u0627\u0648 (\u06cc\u06a9) \u0646\u0627\u0628\u063a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f \/ \u0627\u0648 (\u06cc\u06a9) \u0646\u0627\u0628\u063a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a [\/tag]
\nu (yek) n\u0101be\u03b3e bud \/ u (yek) n\u0101be\u03b3e bude ast<\/em>
\n(the latter, literally, has been)\u201cHe was a genius.\u201d<\/h5>\n

\n[tag resources presentperfect_21] \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \/ \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nu qablan dar inj\u0101 bude ast \/ u qablan be inj\u0101 \u0101made ast<\/em>
\n\u201cHe has been here before.\u201d
\n<\/h5>\n
\n[tag resources presentperfect_22] \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0628\u063a\u0647 (\u0645\u06cc) \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f [\/tag]
\nu b\u0101yad n\u0101be\u03b3e (mi-) bude b\u0101\u0161ad<\/em>
\n\u201cHe must have been (a) genius.\u201d
\nwhich means that whether or not the subject was genius is not absolutely proved to the narrator, and only the evidences suggest that.
\n<\/h5>\n

Another instance is when an action has taken place in the past, but still has its \u201cmemories\u201d left with us:<\/p>\n

\n[tag resources presentperfect_23] \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0645[\/tag]
\nman dar in madrese dars x\u0101nde-am<\/em>
\n\u201cI studied at this school.\u201d (literally, \u201cI have studied\u2026.\u201d)
\n<\/h5>\n

More in the Past Perfect Continuous<\/a> section.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In Persian, the present perfect is constructed by the addition of the present copulas to the past participle (note the construction of the present perfect is dependent upon the past participle). I have said. gofte-am [tag resources presentperfect_01] \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0645[\/tag] You have said. singular gofte-yi [tag resources presentperfect_02] \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u06cc[\/tag] He\/she has said. gofte ast […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":289,"featured_media":0,"parent":46,"menu_order":8,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-102","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/102","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/289"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=102"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/102\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4479,"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/102\/revisions\/4479"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/46"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=102"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}