{"id":190,"date":"2008-07-10T11:58:42","date_gmt":"2008-07-10T16:58:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/?page_id=190"},"modified":"2009-07-01T13:29:54","modified_gmt":"2009-07-01T19:29:54","slug":"conjunctions","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/adjectives\/conjunctions\/","title":{"rendered":"Adjective Conjunctions"},"content":{"rendered":"

In some cases there are pauses between each adjective<\/strong> (indicated by placing commas between them), and the conjunction<\/strong> \u0648 is used only before the last adjective. The pauses (and commas) are used to prevent the redundancy of using the conjunction between all the adjectives.<\/p>\n

[tag resources adjective_conjunctives_01]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0654 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0632 \u0648 \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]
\nx\u0101ne-ye bozorg, zib\u0101, nows\u0101z va sefid<\/em>
\n\u2018the big, beautiful, (and) newly-built white house\u2019<\/h5>\n

Note that in English the conjunction is optional.<\/p>\n

As is explained in the section dealing with determiners<\/a> i.e., the indefinite enclitic \u0640\u06cc , this suffix may be added to the noun or the attributive adjective:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
a big house<\/td>\nx\u0101ne-ye bozorg-i<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources adjective_conjunctives_02]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0654 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
a big house<\/td>\nx\u0101ne-yi bozorg<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources adjective_conjunctives_03]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In the addition of the indefinite enclitic to a noun modified by a chain of adjectives, the suffix is either attached to the noun or the last adjective:<\/p>\n

[tag resources adjective_conjunctives_04]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0654 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0632 \u0648 \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f\u06cc[\/tag]
\nx\u0101ne-ye bozorg, zib\u0101, nows\u0101z va sefid-i<\/em>
\n‘a big, beautiful, (and) newly-built white house’<\/p>\n

[tag resources adjective_conjunctives_05]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0632 \u0648 \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]
\nx\u0101ne-yi bozorg, zib\u0101, nows\u0101z va sefid<\/em>
\n\u2018a big, beautiful, (and) newly-built white house\u2019<\/h5>\n

An adjective may also be a (part of the) predicate. In this case it does not immediately follow the noun, but immediately precedes the verb (which is normally at the end of the sentence):<\/p>\n

[tag resources adjective_conjunctives_06]\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nin x\u0101ne bozorg ast<\/em>
\n“This house is big.”<\/p>\n

[tag resources adjective_conjunctives_07]\u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0632\u0631\u0646\u06af \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\n\u0101n d\u0101ne\u0161-\u0101muz zerang ast<\/em>
\n“That student is (a) hardworking (student).”<\/p>\n

[tag resources adjective_conjunctives_08]\u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\n\u0101n d\u0101ne\u0161ju tambal ast<\/em>
\n“That (college) student is (a) lazy (student).”<\/h5>\n

Note that in this context \u0632\u0631\u0646\u06af \u2018hardworking, nimble, shifty\u2019 is used as antonymous to \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0644 \u2018lazy.\u2019 These two are particularly common expressions used in regards with a hardworking or lazy student. To translate the word \u0632\u0631\u0646\u06af as ‘clever’ (as some scholars have done) is not really accurate; although historically this word is related to another Persian word, namely, \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u06a9 (~ Middle Persian), which does mean ‘clever, wise.’ Remember that a ‘lazy’ student may be ‘clever,’ but he or she just does not work hard enough. These two expressions have to do with this aspect of the person\u2019s performance as a student. Moreover, one may never make the following remark:<\/p>\n

[tag resources adjective_conjunctives_09]\u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u0632\u0631\u0646\u06af \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\n\u0101n d\u0101ne\u0161ju-ye zerang tanbal ast<\/em><\/h5>\n

Hoping that it would mean, ‘that clever student is lazy,’ because it does not. The only meaning is contradictorily\u2014<\/p>\n

“That hardworking student is lazy.”<\/h5>\n

Some compound nouns or adjectives have an adjective as one of their components. Normally, in these cases the adjective precedes the noun:<\/p>\n

Nouns:<\/p>\n

[tag resources adjective_conjunctives_10]\u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062f[\/tag]
\npir-mard (colloquial: pir-e-mard)<\/em>
\n\u2018(an\/the) old man\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources adjective_conjunctives_11]\u062a\u0631\u0634\u0631\u0648[\/tag]
\ntor\u0161-ru <\/em>
\n\u2018morose, having a sour face\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources adjective_conjunctives_12]\u062a\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0648[\/tag]
\ntond-xu<\/em>
\n\u2018hot-tempered\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources adjective_conjunctives_13]\u062e\u0648\u0634 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646[\/tag]
\nxo\u0161-zab\u0101n<\/em>
\n\u2018well-spoken, one who speaks pleasantly\u2019<\/h5>\n

Adjectives:<\/p>\n

[tag resources adjective_conjunctives_14]\u062e\u0648\u0634\u062d\u0627\u0644[\/tag]
\nxo\u0161-h\u0101l<\/em>
\n\u2018happy\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources adjective_conjunctives_15]\u0634\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0644[\/tag]
\n\u0161ekaste-del (also: del \u0161ekaste)<\/em>
\n\u2018broken-hearted\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources adjective_conjunctives_16]\u0633\u062e\u062a \u062f\u0644[\/tag]
\nsaxt-del<\/em>
\n\u2018cruel, hard-hearted\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources adjective_conjunctives_17]\u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0631[\/tag]
\nrow\u0161an-zamir<\/em>
\n\u2018(an) enlightened (person)\u2019<\/h5>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In some cases there are pauses between each adjective (indicated by placing commas between them), and the conjunction \u0648 is used only before the last adjective. The pauses (and commas) are used to prevent the redundancy of using the conjunction between all the adjectives. [tag resources adjective_conjunctives_01]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0654 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0632 \u0648 \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f[\/tag] x\u0101ne-ye bozorg, zib\u0101, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":289,"featured_media":0,"parent":45,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-190","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/190","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/289"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=190"}],"version-history":[{"count":56,"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/190\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4455,"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/190\/revisions\/4455"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/45"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=190"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}