{"id":5,"date":"2008-04-29T14:32:20","date_gmt":"2008-04-29T19:32:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/system-of-transcription\/"},"modified":"2009-05-07T09:22:51","modified_gmt":"2009-05-07T15:22:51","slug":"system-of-transcription","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/system-of-transcription\/","title":{"rendered":"System of Transcription"},"content":{"rendered":"

The system of transcription<\/strong> that is used in this website is a limited version for English-speaking learners. It should be understood that transcriptions should not be too heavily relied upon since they can become a crutch. It is recommended that you train your eye to look at the Persian characters, not at the transcriptions, as you use this site. In addition, dialects and regional preferences can result in different acceptable pronunciations of the same word.<\/p>\n

However, we have provided simplified phonetic transcriptions of Persian in most areas of this site. The general conventions for vowels are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
a<\/em> as in [tag resources Transcription01008a]sar<\/em>[\/tag]<\/td>\n\u0633\u0631 <\/td>\nhead<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0101<\/em> as in [tag resources Transcription01008b]s\u0101r<\/em>[\/tag]<\/td>\n\u0633\u0627\u0631 <\/td>\nstarling<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
e<\/em> as in [tag resources Transcription01009a]ser<\/em>[\/tag]<\/td>\n\u0633\u0631 <\/td>\nbenumbed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
u<\/em> as in [tag resources Transcription01009b]sur<\/em>[\/tag]<\/td>\n\u0633\u0648\u0631<\/td>\nfeast<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
o<\/em> as in [tag resources Transcription01010a]sor<\/em>[\/tag]<\/p>\n\u0633\u0631<\/td>\n<\/td>\nslippery<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
i<\/em> as in [tag resources Transcription01010b]sir<\/em>[\/tag]<\/td>\n\u0633\u06cc\u0631<\/td>\ngarlic<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The following two symbols are used:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
` (grave accent) = \u0639 [tag resources alphabet-edit-21]eyn[\/tag]<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00b4<\/strong> (acute accent) = \u0621 [tag resources Madd-1-20b]hamze<\/em> [\/tag] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

For consonants, to prevent confusion such as can occur between such compounds as [-kh<\/span><\/em>-] and [-k.h<\/em>-]; e.g., [tag resources Transcription01026a]\u0646\u062e\u0648\u062f[\/tag] noxod<\/em> ‘pea’ and [tag resources Transcription01026b]\u0646\u06a9\u0647\u062a[\/tag] nak.hat<\/em> ‘fragrance, scent,’ etc., the following set is sometimes used:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0686<\/td>\nc<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01029a]ch<\/em>[\/tag], as in [tag resources Transcription01029b]cah\u0101r<\/em>[\/tag] \u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631 ‘four’<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062e<\/td>\nx<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01029d]kh<\/em>[\/tag], as in [tag resources Transcription01029e]xub<\/em>[\/tag] \u062e\u0648\u0628 ‘good’ (voiceless fricative velar)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0698<\/td>\n\u017e<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01031a]zh<\/em>[\/tag], as in [tag resources Transcription01031b]\u017e\u0101le<\/em>[\/tag] \u0698\u0627\u0644\u0647 ‘dew(-drop)’ (pronounced like the [s<\/em>] in ‘measure,’ ‘pleasure,’ and [g<\/em>] in ‘beige.’<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0634<\/td>\n\u0161<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01033a]sh<\/em>[\/tag], as in [tag resources Transcription01033b]\u0161ab<\/em>[\/tag]\u0634\u0628 ‘night’<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u063a<\/td>\n\u03b3<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01034a]gh<\/em>[\/tag], as in[tag resources Transcription01034b] \u063a\u0627\u0631 [\/tag]\u03b3\u0101r<\/em> ‘cave’ (voiced fricative velar, pronounced very close to the French \/r<\/em>\/. In the Tehrani dialect, under the Turkish influence, which is spoken by a large population in Tehran, \u03b3<\/em> is articulated as q. Occasionally an overcompensation takes place in the Tehrani dialect; such as pronouncing [tag resources Transcription01040a]qalam<\/em>[\/tag]\u0642\u0644\u0645 ‘pen’ as [tag resources Transcription01040b]\u03b3alam<\/em>[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0642<\/td>\nq<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01041a]qh<\/em>[\/tag], as in [tag resources Transcription01041b]quri<\/em>[\/tag] \u0642\u0648\u0631\u06cc ‘teapot’ (exclusive to words of Arabic or Turkic\/ Mongolian origin.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

This system helps us define such words as [tag resources Transcription01044a] \u0646\u0698\u0627\u062f[\/tag] ne\u017e\u0101d<\/em> ‘race’ and [tag resources Transcription01045b]\u0646\u0632\u0647\u062a[\/tag] nazhat<\/em> ‘purity, immaculateness’ (From the Arabic nuzha<\/em>), in which [z<\/em>] and [h<\/em>] are both articulated. <\/p>\n

With vowels, in Persian there is only one \/i<\/em>\/, which is invariably long, so i<\/em> is used, instead of the \/\u012b<\/em>\/ used by formal linguists. This is also the case with \/u<\/em>\/ instead of \/\u016b<\/em>\/. A final [-e<\/em>] must always be pronounced as [-\u00e9<\/em>] (as in the French ferm\u00e9<\/em> ‘closed’). It must never be pronounced with an off-glide as [-ey<\/em>]). This is the sound which in Persian is orthographically normalized as the terminal silent \/h<\/em>\/, written as \ufeea. <\/p>\n

Additionally, since there is no pharyngeal sound in Persian, vowels are sometimes transcribed as \/’<\/em>\/in the middle of the word, but initially, as \/a, e, o<\/em>\/: <\/p>\n

\n[tag resources Transcription01022a]\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631[\/tag]
\nme’m\u0101r<\/em>
\n‘mason’<\/p>\n

[tag resources Transcription01023a]\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644[\/tag]
\nso’\u0101l<\/em><\/p>\n

[tag resources Transcription01023b]\u0639\u0645\u0631[\/tag]
\nomr<\/em>
\n‘life, life span’ <\/p>\n

[tag resources Transcription01023c]\u0627\u0645\u0631 [\/tag]
\namr<\/em>
\n‘command’ <\/p>\n

[tag resources Transcription01023d]\u0627\u0633\u0645[\/tag]
\nesm<\/em>
\n‘name’
\n<\/h5>\n

The semivowel \/y<\/em>\/ is used initially in a syllable\u2014whether it is in the beginning or in the middle of the word\u2014and after any vowel, and when the \/i<\/em>\/ is not a vowel; e.g., [tag resources Transcription01055a]\u06cc\u0627\u062f[\/tag] y\u0101d<\/em> ‘memory,’ [tag resources Transcription01056a]\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0628[\/tag] n\u0101y\u0101b<\/em> ‘unattainable’; [tag resources Transcription01056b]\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647[\/tag] p\u0101yande<\/em> ‘perpetual,’ [tag resources Transcription01056c]\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06af\u0631[\/tag] r\u016bygar<\/em> ‘zink-worker, coppersmith.’ (It is needless to mention that after short vowels, \/y<\/em>\/ by default creates a diphthong: \/ay<\/em>\/, \/ey<\/em>\/, \/oy<\/em>\/)<\/p>\n

Semitic \/\u1e24<\/em>\/ and Persian \/h<\/em>\/ are both transcribed as \/h<\/em>\/ (= glottal fricative).<\/p>\n

Semitic \/\ufec4\/ and Persian \/\u062a\/ are both transcribed as \/t<\/em>\/ (= voiceless alveolar plosive).<\/p>\n

All \/\u0630\/, \/\u0632\/, \/\u0636\/, \/\u0638\/ are transcribed as \/z<\/em>\/ (= voiced alveolar fricative).<\/p>\n

All \/\u062b\/, \/\u0633\/, \/\u0635\/, are transcribed as \/s<\/em>\/ (= voiceless alveolar fricative).<\/p>\n

(For more detail, see the section on phonology<\/a>.)<\/p>\n

Some examples<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
things, objects<\/td>\nplural, a\u0161iy\u0101’<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01072a]\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0627\u0621[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
pain, grief, affliction<\/td>\nalam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01073a]\u0627\u064e\u0644\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
worship, the act of worshipping<\/td>\nparaste\u0161<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01074a]\u067e\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0634[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
a swallow<\/td>\nparast\u016b<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01075a]\u067e\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0648[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
inquiry<\/td>\nporse\u0161<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01076a]\u067e\u0631\u0633\u0634[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
anteroom<\/td>\npastu<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01077a]\u067e\u0633\u062a\u0648[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
endurance, tolerance<\/td>\ntahammol<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01079a]\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 [\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
timid, fearful<\/td>\ntarsu<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01080a]\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0648[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
chin<\/td>\n\u010d\u0101ne<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01081a]\u0686\u0627\u0646\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
soil, earth; Earth<\/td>\nx\u0101k<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01082a]\u062e\u0627\u06a9[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
hallway<\/td>\nd\u0101l\u0101n<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01083a]\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646 [\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
crazy; mad<\/td>\ndiv\u0101ne<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01084a]\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
weasel<\/td>\nr\u0101su<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01085a]\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0648[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
set out<\/td>\n rav\u0101ne<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01086a]\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
dew(drop)<\/td>\n \u017e\u0101le<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01087a]\u0698\u0627\u0644\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
general<\/td>\n sard\u0101r<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01088a]\u0633\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
a thing, and object (sometimes spelled \u0634\u06cc\u0626\u0649)<\/td>\n \u0161ey’<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01089a]\u0634\u06cc\u0621[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
seek<\/td>\ntalab<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01090a]\u0637\u0644\u0628[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
covetousness, greed<\/td>\n tama’<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01091a]\u0637\u0645\u0639[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
tyranny<\/td>\n zolm<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01092a]\u0638\u0644\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
flag, banner<\/td>\n alam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01093a]\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
sorrowful, sad<\/td>\n \u03b3amgin<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01094a]\u063a\u0645\u06af\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
pill<\/td>\n qors<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01095a]\u0642\u0631\u0635[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
heart; counterfeit<\/td>\n qalb<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01096a]\u0642\u0644\u0628[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
a loan<\/td>\n qarz<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01097a]\u0642\u0631\u0636[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
effort, endeavor<\/td>\n ku\u0161e\u0161<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01098a]\u06a9\u0648\u0634\u0634[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mountain<\/td>\n kuh<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01099a]\u06a9\u0648\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ladanum<\/td>\n l\u0101dan<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01100a]\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
nest<\/td>\n l\u0101ne<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01101a]\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Muhammad; the name of the prophet of Islam<\/td>\n mohammad<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01102a]\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ill, sick; patient<\/td>\n mariz<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01103a]\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u0636[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
teacher<\/td>\n mo’allem<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01104a]\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
kind, affectionate<\/td>\n mehrb\u0101n\/mehrab\u0101n<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01105a]\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
lamenting, groaning<\/td>\n n\u0101l\u0101n<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01106a]\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
groan, lamentation<\/td>\n n\u0101le<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01107a]\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
a ruined and desolate place<\/td>\n vir\u0101ne<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01108a]\u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
guidance<\/td>\n hed\u0101yat<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Transcription01109a]\u0647\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The system of transcription that is used in this website is a limited version for English-speaking learners. It should be understood that transcriptions should not be too heavily relied upon since they can become a crutch. It is recommended that you train your eye to look at the Persian characters, not at the transcriptions, as […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":329,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":91,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/329"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5"}],"version-history":[{"count":96,"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4252,"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5\/revisions\/4252"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}