{"id":111,"date":"2008-07-03T12:14:40","date_gmt":"2008-07-03T17:14:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/?page_id=111"},"modified":"2009-04-24T17:11:32","modified_gmt":"2009-04-24T23:11:32","slug":"imperative-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/verbs\/imperative-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Imperatives"},"content":{"rendered":"

The imperative<\/strong> only deals with two subjects: the second person singular and the second person plural.<\/p>\n

The normal construction of the imperative in Persian is by adding a [b\u00e9-] prefix to the present stem, as in[tag resources imp001] \u0628\u06af\u0648 [\/tag]b\u00e9gu!<\/em> \u2018say!\u2019, [tag resources imp002]\u0628\u0646\u0634\u06cc\u0646 [\/tag]b\u00e9ne\u0161in!<\/em> \u2018sit!\u2019, etc. For the plural, the second person plurarl ending is added as well, as in [tag resources imp003]\u0628\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u062f[\/tag],[tag resources imp004] \u0628\u0646\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f[\/tag], etc. The [b\u00e9-] prefix always takes the primary stress, as in b\u00e9\u05c0gu, b\u00e9\u05c0ne\u0161in<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Vocalic Mutations<\/strong>. In certain phonetic contexts, the following vocalic mutations might take place in colloquial Persian:<\/p>\n

When the [b\u00e9-] prefix is followed by an [-o-] in the following syllable, its vowel changes to \/\u00f3\/:<\/p>\n

[tag resources imp005]\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646[\/tag]
\ngoz\u0101\u0161tan<\/em>
\n\u2018to put, let\u2019:
\n[tag resources imp006] !\u0628\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631 [\/tag]b\u00e9goz\u0101r!<\/em> > [tag resources imp007]b\u00f3goz\u0101r[\/tag]\/[tag resources imp008]b\u00f3gz\u0101r[\/tag]<\/em><\/p>\n

[tag resources imp009]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646[\/tag]
\nraftan<\/em>
\n\u2018to go\u2019:
\n[tag resources imp010] !\u0628\u0631\u0648 [\/tag]b\u00e9ro!<\/em> > [tag resources imp011]b\u00f3ro[\/tag]<\/em><\/p>\n

[tag resources imp012]\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u062a\u0646[\/tag]
\ngorixtan<\/em>
\n\u2018to flee\u2019:
\n[tag resources imp013] !\u0628\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632 [\/tag]b\u00e9goriz!<\/em> > [tag resources imp014]b\u00f3goriz[\/tag]\/[tag resources imp015]b\u00f3griz[\/tag]<\/em><\/h5>\n

When the [b\u00e9-] prefix is followed by an [-u-] in the following syllable, its vowel changes to \/\u00fa\/:<\/p>\n

[tag resources imp016]\u06af\u0641\u062a\u0646[\/tag]
\ngoftan<\/em>
\n\u2018to say, tell\u2019:
\n[tag resources imp017]!\u0628\u06af\u0648 [\/tag]b\u00e9gu!<\/em> > [tag resources imp018]b\u00fagu[\/tag]<\/em><\/p>\n

[tag resources imp019]\u067e\u0648\u0634\u06cc\u062f\u0646[\/tag]
\npu\u0161idan<\/em>
\n\u2018to wear\u2019:
\n[tag resources imp020] !\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0634 [\/tag]b\u00e9pu\u0161!<\/em> > [tag resources imp021]b\u00fapu\u0161[\/tag]<\/em><\/p>\n

[tag resources imp022]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646[\/tag]
\nx\u0101ndan<\/em>
\n\u2018to read, sing, recite\u2019, colloquial xundan<\/em>:
\n[tag resources imp023] !\u0628\u062e\u0648\u0646 [\/tag]b\u00e9xun!<\/em> > [tag resources imp024]b\u00faxun[\/tag]<\/em><\/h5>\n

When the [b\u00e9-] prefix is followed by an [-i-] in the following syllable, its vowel changes to \/\u00ed\/:<\/p>\n

[tag resources imp025]\u0646\u0634\u0633\u062a\u0646[\/tag]
\nne\u0161astan<\/em>
\n\u2018to sit\u2019:
\n[tag resources imp026] !\u0628\u0646\u0634\u06cc\u0646 [\/tag]b\u00e9ne\u0161in!<\/em> > [tag resources imp027]be\u0161in[\/tag]<\/em> > [tag resources imp028]b\u00ed\u0161in[\/tag]<\/em><\/p>\n

[tag resources imp029]\u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646[\/tag]
\ngereftan<\/em>
\n\u2018to take, get\u2019:
\n[tag resources imp030] !\u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631 [\/tag]b\u00e9gir!<\/em> > [tag resources imp031]b\u00edgir[\/tag]<\/em><\/p>\n

[tag resources imp032]\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u062a\u0646[\/tag]
\nrixtan<\/em>
\n\u2018to pour, spill\u2019:
\n[tag resources imp033] !\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u0632[\/tag]b\u00e9riz!<\/em> > [tag resources imp034]b\u00edriz[\/tag]<\/em><\/h5>\n

Two verbs are basically irregular in Persian and in most phonetic contexts they behave differently than other verbs. These two verbs are[tag resources imp035] \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 [\/tag]budan<\/em> \u2018to be\u2019 and[tag resources imp036] \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 [\/tag]d\u0101\u0161tan<\/em> \u2018to have\u2019.<\/p>\n

The imperative of budan<\/em> takes the different verbal stem \u0628\u0627\u0634, which in its infinitival form ([tag resources imp037]\u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f\u0646 [\/tag]* * b\u0101\u0161idan<\/em>) does not exist in New Persian any more. In the imperative, this verb does not take the [be-] prefix:<\/p>\n

[tag resources imp038] !\u0628\u0627\u0634 [\/tag]
\nb\u0101\u0161!<\/em>
\n\u2018be!\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources imp040] !\u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0634[\/tag]
\n\u0101dam b\u0101\u0161!<\/em>
\n\u2018be a true human!\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources imp041] !\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u066c \u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u06af\u0631\u062f\u0645[\/tag]
\ndar hamin ot\u0101q b\u0101\u0161 t\u0101 man bar gardam!<\/em>
\n\u2018be\/stay in this room, until I return!\u2019<\/h5>\n

The imperative of the verb d\u0101\u0161tan<\/em> is constructed with the past participle of this verb and the imperative of budan<\/em>, that is, b\u0101\u0161<\/em>, b\u0101\u0161id<\/em>:<\/p>\n

[tag resources imp042] !\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634 [\/tag]
\nin r\u0101 d\u0101\u0161te b\u0101\u0161!<\/em>
\n\u2018have this; hold this\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources imp043] !\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f [\/tag]
\nin mas\u2019ale r\u0101 dar nazar d\u0101\u0161te b\u0101\u0161id!<\/em>
\n\u2018bear this in mind\u2019<\/h5>\n

Note: If the verb[tag resources imp044] \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 [\/tag]is the verbal component of a complex verb, the verbal stem would be[tag resources imp045] \u062f\u0627\u0631- [\/tag]as in,[tag resources imp046] !\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631[\/tag]<\/p>\n

The negative imperative (that is, preventive) takes a [n\u00e1-<\/em>] prefix, which, like its affirmative counterpart, takes the primary stress, as in, n\u00e1\u05c0ro<\/em> \u2018don\u2019t go!\u2019 n\u00e1\u05c0ne\u0161in<\/em> \u2018don\u2019t sit (down)!\u2019:<\/p>\n

[tag resources imp047]\u0646\u0634\u0633\u062a\u0646[\/tag]
\nne\u0161astan<\/em>
\n\u2018to sit\u2019:
\n[tag resources imp048]!\u0646\u0646\u0634\u06cc\u0646 [\/tag]n\u00e1ne\u0161in!<\/em><\/p>\n

[tag resources imp049]\u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646[\/tag]
\ngereftan<\/em>
\n\u2018to take, get\u2019:
\n[tag resources imp050]!\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0631 [\/tag]n\u00e1gir!<\/em><\/p>\n

[tag resources imp051]\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u062a\u0646[\/tag]
\nrixtan<\/em>
\n\u2018to pour, spill\u2019:
\n[tag resources imp052]!\u0646\u0631\u06cc\u0632 [\/tag]n\u00e1riz!<\/em><\/h5>\n

Note: In classical Persian the preventive prefix was [m\u00e1-<\/em>], which is still used mostly in formal versified material:[tag resources imp053] \u0645\u06af\u0648 [\/tag]m\u00e1gu<\/em> \u2018don\u2019t say, tell\u2019,[tag resources imp054] \u0645\u0646\u0634\u06cc\u0646 [\/tag]m\u00e1ne\u0161in<\/em> \u2018don\u2019t sit\u2019, etc.<\/p>\n

In formal spoken Persian, if the initial syllable of the present stem is an open syllable with [-e-] or [-o-] (that is Ce, Co), this vowel may optionally be dropped in both affirmative and negative imperative:<\/p>\n

[tag resources imp047]\u0646\u0634\u0633\u062a\u0646[\/tag]
\nne\u0161astan<\/em>\u2018to sit\u2019:
\n[tag resources imp058]\u0628\u0646\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f [\/tag]b\u00e9n\u0161inid<\/em> ,[tag resources imp057]\u0628\u0646\u0634\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]b\u00e9n\u0161in<\/em>[tag resources imp056] \u0628\u0646\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f [\/tag] b\u00e9ne\u0161inid<\/em> [tag resources imp055]\u0628\u0646\u0634\u06cc\u0646 [\/tag]b\u00e9ne\u0161in<\/em>
\n[tag resources imp060] \u0646\u0646\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f[\/tag] n\u00e1ne\u0161inid<\/em>,[tag resources imp059]\u0646\u0646\u0634\u06cc\u0646 [\/tag]n\u00e1ne\u0161in<\/em> or [tag resources imp062]\u0646\u0646\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]n\u00e1n\u0161inid<\/em> [tag resources imp061] \u0646\u0646\u0634\u06cc\u0646[\/tag] n\u00e1n\u0161in<\/em> <\/h5>\n
[tag resources imp005]\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646[\/tag]
\ngoz\u0101\u0161tan<\/em>\u2018to put, let\u2019
\n[tag resources imp064]\u0628\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]b\u00f3goz\u0101rid<\/em>, [tag resources imp063]\u0628\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631[\/tag] b\u00f3goz\u0101r<\/em> or [tag resources imp066] \u0628\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]b\u00f3gz\u0101rid<\/em>, [tag resources imp065]\u0628\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631[\/tag]b\u00f3gz\u0101r<\/em>
\n[tag resources imp068]\u0646\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]n\u00e1goz\u0101rid<\/em> ,[tag resources imp067]\u0646\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631[\/tag]n\u00e1goz\u0101r<\/em> or [tag resources imp070]\u0646\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f [\/tag]n\u00e1gz\u0101rid<\/em> [tag resources imp069]\u0646\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631[\/tag]n\u00e1gz\u0101r<\/em><\/h5>\n
[tag resources imp076] \u0641\u0631\u0648\u062e\u062a\u0646 [\/tag]
\nforuxtan<\/em> \u2018to sell\u2019
\n[tag resources imp075](\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0634(\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]n\u00e1f(o)ru\u0161(id)<\/em> [tag resources imp072]\u0628\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0634\u06cc\u062f [\/tag]b\u00e9foru\u0161id<\/em>, [tag resources imp071]\u0628\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0634[\/tag]b\u00e9foru\u0161<\/em> or [tag resources imp074]\u0628\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0634\u06cc\u062f[\/tag], b\u00e9fru\u0161id<\/em>[tag resources imp073]\u0628\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0634[\/tag]b\u00e9fru\u0161<\/em><\/h5>\n
[tag resources imp082] \u06af\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u062a\u0646 [\/tag]
\ngorixtan<\/em> \u2018to flee\u2019
\n[tag resources imp081](\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632(\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]n\u00e1g(o)riz(id)<\/em>, [tag resources imp078]\u0628\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]b\u00f3gorizid<\/em>, [tag resources imp077]\u0628\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632[\/tag]b\u00f3goriz<\/em> or [tag resources imp080]\u0628\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]b\u00f3grizid<\/em>, [tag resources imp079]\u0628\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632[\/tag]b\u00f3griz<\/em><\/h5>\n

In Colloquial Persian, the initial syllable of the stem is sometimes dropped [tag resources imp083]\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631[\/tag]b\u00e9z\u0101r<\/em>,[tag resources imp084]\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]b\u00e9z\u0101rid<\/em>;[tag resources imp085]\u0628\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631[\/tag]b\u00e9goz\u0101r<\/em>, [tag resources imp086]\u0628\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]b\u00e9goz\u0101rid<\/em>, [tag resources imp087]\u0628\u0634\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]b\u00e9\u0161in<\/em>, [tag resources imp088] \u0628\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]be\u0161inid<\/em>, [tag resources imp089]\u0628\u0646\u0634\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]b\u00e9ne\u0161in<\/em>, [tag resources imp090]\u0628\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]b\u00e9ne\u0161inid<\/em> unless the word is too formal, in which case it is used reservedly, as in [tag resources imp091] \u0628\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f [\/tag]b\u00e9gzarid<\/em> or [tag resources imp092]\u0628\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]b\u00f3gzarid<\/em> \u2018pass! let it go! let it alone!\u2019 [tag resources imp093] \u06af\u0630\u0634\u062a\u0646 [\/tag]goza\u0161tan<\/em> \u2018to pass\u2019.<\/p>\n

If the vowel of the initial syllable of the stem is a or \u0101, that syllable is retained, as in, [tag resources imp094]\u0628\u0628\u0631[\/tag]b\u00e9bar<\/em>, [tag resources imp095]\u0628\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]b\u00e9barid<\/em> \u2018take away! carry away! win! (in a game)\u2019; [tag resources imp096]\u0628\u0628\u0627\u0632[\/tag]b\u00e9b\u0101z<\/em>, [tag resources imp097]\u0628\u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]b\u00e9b\u0101zid<\/em> \u2018lose! (especially in a game)\u2019; [tag resources imp098]\u0628\u06a9\u0627\u0631[\/tag]b\u00e9k\u0101r<\/em>, [tag resources imp099]\u0628\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]b\u00e9k\u0101rid<\/em> \u2018plant! sow!\u2019, etc.<\/p>\n

If the initial sound of the verbal stem is a or \u0101 (that is, aC, \u0101C), an euphonic y intervenes between the [b\u00e9-] and [n\u00e1-] prefix. Then, the \u00e9 of the affirmative prefix assimilates into the y and the \u00e1 of the preventive become an open front a:<\/p>\n

[tag resources imp100]\u0622\u0645\u062f\u0646[\/tag]
\n\u0101madan<\/em>
\n\u2018to come\u2019:
\n[tag resources imp101]!\u0628\u06cc\u0627[\/tag]
\nbiy\u0101!<\/em>,
\n[tag resources imp102]!\u0646\u06cc\u0627[\/tag]
\nnay\u0101!<\/em><\/p>\n

[tag resources imp103]\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646[\/tag]
\n\u0101vardan<\/em>
\n\u2018to bring\u2019:
\n[tag resources imp104] !\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0631 [\/tag]
\nbiy\u0101var!<\/em>,
\n[tag resources imp105] !\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0631 [\/tag]
\nnay\u0101var!<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0646
\noft\u0101dan<\/em>
\n\u2018to fall (down)\u2019:
\n[tag resources imp112]!\u0628\u06cc\u0641\u062a[\/tag]
\nbiyoft!<\/em>,
\n[tag resources imp113] !\u0646\u06cc\u0641\u062a [\/tag]
\nnayoft!<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646
\nand\u0101xtan<\/em>
\n\u2018to throw, toss\u2019:
\n[tag resources imp114] !\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632 [\/tag]
\nbiyand\u0101z!<\/em>,
\n[tag resources imp115] !\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632 [\/tag]
\nnayand\u0101z!<\/em><\/h5>\n

In compound verbs, the imperative and preventive prefixes are infixed before the verbal component of the compounds and the non-verbal element is left untouched. The primary stress still falls on the [b\u00e9-], [n\u00e1-] prefix:<\/p>\n

[tag resources imp116]\u062f\u0631 \u0632\u062f\u0646[\/tag]
\ndar zadan<\/em>
\n\u2018to knock at the door\u2019:
\n[tag resources imp117]!\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0632\u0646[\/tag]
\ndar b\u00e9zan!<\/em>
\n[tag resources imp118]!\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0632\u0646[\/tag]
\ndar n\u00e1zan!<\/em><\/p>\n

[tag resources imp119]\u063a\u0635\u0651\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646[\/tag]
\n\u03b3osse xordan<\/em>
\n\u2018to grieve, be sad\u2019:
\n[tag resources imp120]\u063a\u0635\u0651\u0647 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0631 [\/tag]
\n\u03b3osse b\u00e9xor! n\u00e1xor!<\/em><\/p>\n

[tag resources imp121]\u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0647 \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0646[\/tag]
\nkut\u0101h \u0101madan<\/em>
\n\u2018to let go (in a quarrel)\u2019:
\n[tag resources imp122] !\u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0627[\/tag]
\nkut\u0101h biy\u0101!, nay\u0101!<\/em><\/h5>\n

The majority of the compound verbs in Persian have \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 as the verbal component of the compound. Normally verbs with \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646, \u0634\u062f\u0646, do not take the [b\u00e9-] prefix, however, it is optional. With the rest of the compound verbs, the [b\u00e9-] prefix is used (and the euphonic rules are applied), especially in emphatic cases:<\/p>\n

[tag resources imp123]\u0628\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646[\/tag]
\nb\u0101z kardan<\/em>
\n\u2018to open\u2019:
\n[tag resources imp124] !\u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0646[\/tag]
\ndar r\u0101 b\u0101z kon!<\/em>
\n[tag resources imp125] !\u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u06a9\u0646[\/tag]
\nb\u0101z b\u00e9kon!\/b\u00f3kon!<\/em><\/p>\n

[tag resources imp126]\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646[\/tag]
\ngarye kardan<\/em>
\n\u2018to cry\u2019:
\n[tag resources imp127]! \u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u06a9\u0646 [\/tag]
\ngarye kon!<\/em>
\n[tag resources imp128] !\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u06a9\u0646[\/tag]
\ngarye b\u00e9kon!\/b\u00f3kon!<\/em><\/p>\n

[tag resources imp129]\u0628\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0646[\/tag]
\nbid\u0101r \u0161odan<\/em>
\n\u2018to wake up\u2019:
\n[tag resources imp130] !\u0628\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0648 [\/tag]
\nbid\u0101r \u0161o!<\/em>
\n[tag resources imp131] !\u0628\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0648 [\/tag]
\nbid\u0101r b\u00e9\u0161o!\/b\u00f3\u0161o!<\/em><\/p>\n

[tag resources imp132]\u06af\u0645 \u0634\u062f\u0646[\/tag]
\ngom \u0161odan<\/em>
\n\u2018to get lost\u2019:
\n[tag resources imp133]!\u06af\u0645 \u0634\u0648[\/tag]
\ngom \u0161o!<\/em>
\n[tag resources imp134] !\u06af\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0648 [\/tag]
\ngom b\u00e9\u0161o!\/b\u00f3\u0161o!<\/em><\/h5>\n

Compound verbs with \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 d\u0101\u0161tan also do not take the [b\u00e9-] prefix; and just like the simple verb d\u0101\u0161tan, they use the participial form plus the imperatives b\u0101\u0161 and b\u0101\u0161id:<\/p>\n

[tag resources imp135]\u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646[\/tag]
\nbe x\u0101ter d\u0101\u0161tan<\/em>
\n\u2018to remember, bear in mind\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources imp136] !\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634[\/tag]
\nin r\u0101 be x\u0101ter d\u0101\u0161te b\u0101\u0161<\/em>
\n\u2018bear this in mind!\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources imp137]\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646[\/tag]
\ndust d\u0101\u0161tan<\/em>
\n\u2018to love, like\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources imp138]!\u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634[\/tag]
\n\u0101n r\u0101 dust d\u0101\u0161te b\u0101\u0161<\/em>
\n\u2018like that!\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources imp139]!\u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634[\/tag]
\nu r\u0101 dust d\u0101\u0161te b\u0101\u0161<\/em>
\n\u2018like him\/her!\u2019<\/h5>\n

In complex verbs with \u0628\u0631- bar-<\/em> (and its variation \u0648\u0631- var-<\/em>) prefix, normally the [b\u00e9-] prefix is not used. Unlike the simple and compound verbs, complex verbs with d\u0101\u0161tan<\/em> take the different stem \u062f\u0627\u0631- d\u0101r-.<\/em>:<\/p>\n

[tag resources imp141] (\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 (\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 [\/tag]
\nbar-d\u0101\u0161tan<\/em>
\n\u2018to pick up, lift\u2019:
\n[tag resources imp142]\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631[\/tag]\\[tag resources imp143]\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631[\/tag]
\nbar-d\u0101r\/var-d\u0101r!<\/em><\/p>\n

[tag resources imp145] (\u0628\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0646 (\u0648\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0646[\/tag]
\nbar-\u010didan<\/em>
\n\u2018to pick or gather\u2019 (as in birds picking seeds off the ground):
\n[tag resources imp146]\u0628\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u0646 [\/tag]\\[tag resources imp147]\u0648\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]
\nbar-\u010din\/var-\u010din!<\/em><\/h5>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The imperative only deals with two subjects: the second person singular and the second person plural. The normal construction of the imperative in Persian is by adding a [b\u00e9-] prefix to the present stem, as in[tag resources imp001] \u0628\u06af\u0648 [\/tag]b\u00e9gu! \u2018say!\u2019, [tag resources imp002]\u0628\u0646\u0634\u06cc\u0646 [\/tag]b\u00e9ne\u0161in! \u2018sit!\u2019, etc. For the plural, the second person plurarl ending […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":289,"featured_media":0,"parent":46,"menu_order":12,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-111","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/111","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/289"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=111"}],"version-history":[{"count":100,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/111\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3757,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/111\/revisions\/3757"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/46"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=111"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}