{"id":115,"date":"2008-07-03T12:25:53","date_gmt":"2008-07-03T17:25:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/?page_id=115"},"modified":"2009-04-22T13:53:17","modified_gmt":"2009-04-22T19:53:17","slug":"long-copulas-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/verbs\/long-copulas-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Long Copulas"},"content":{"rendered":"

A copula <\/strong>is a word that combines the subject and its explanation. The verb “be” is the English copula. Persian has two copulas: ast<\/em> and hast.<\/em> hast<\/em> is used for existential interpretations, and has a negative counterpart nist<\/em>. ast<\/em> is frequently reduced to the vowel [-e]. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
I am<\/td>\nhastam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources longcopulas_01]\u0647\u0633\u062a\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
you are<\/td>\nhasti<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources longcopulas_02]\u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
he, she, it is<\/td>\nhast<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources longcopulas_03]\u0647\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
we are<\/td>\nhastim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources longcopulas_04]\u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
you are<\/td>\nhastid<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources longcopulas_05]\u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
they are<\/td>\nhastand<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources longcopulas_06]\u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The long copulas<\/strong> are also used for emphasis:<\/p>\n

[tag resources longcopulas_07]\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0647\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u061f[\/tag]
\nkel\u0101s-e f\u0101rsi-ye \u0161om\u0101 saxt hast y\u0101 na<\/em>?
\n\u201c(Well, I am not clear) Is your Persian class difficult, or is it not?\u201d<\/h5>\n

Compare that with:<\/p>\n

[tag resources longcopulas_08]\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u061f[\/tag]
\nkel\u0101s-e f\u0101rsi-ye \u0161om\u0101 saxt ast y\u0101 na<\/em>?
\n\u201cIs your Persian class difficult, or not?\u201d<\/h5>\n

In addition, they are used whenever in English \u201cis\/are there\u201d is used:<\/p>\n

[tag resources longcopulas_09]\u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u0622\u067e\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u061f[\/tag]
\n(\u0101y\u0101) dar berkli \u0101p\u0101rtem\u0101n-e arz\u0101n hast<\/em>?
\n\u201cAre there any inexpensive apartments in Berkeley?\u201d<\/h5>\n

Compare that with:<\/p>\n

[tag resources longcopulas_10]\u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u0622\u067e\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f[\/tag]
\n(\u0101y\u0101) dar berkli \u0101p\u0101rtem\u0101n arz\u0101n ast<\/em>?
\n\u201cAre apartments inexpensive in Berkeley?\u201d<\/h5>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
I am not<\/td>\nnistam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources longcopulas_11]\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
You are not<\/td>\nnisti<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources longcopulas_12]\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
He\/she\/it is not<\/td>\nnist<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources longcopulas_13]\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
We are not<\/td>\nnistim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources longcopulas_14]\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
You are not<\/td>\nnistid<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources longcopulas_15]\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
They are not<\/td>\nnistand<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources longcopulas_16]\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Some examples:<\/p>\n

[tag resources longcopulas_17]\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0645[\/tag]
\nman d\u0101ne\u0161ju hastam<\/em>
\n\u201cI am a (college\/university) student.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources longcopulas_18]\u0627\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nu ir\u0101ni nist<\/em>
\n\u201cHe\/she is not Iranian.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources longcopulas_19]\u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u061f[\/tag]
\nto ki hasti<\/em>?
\n\u201cWho are you?\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources longcopulas_20]\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0633\u062a\u061f[\/tag]
\ndar d\u0101ne\u0161g\u0101h-e m\u0101 kord hast<\/em>?
\n\u201cAre there any Kurds in our university?\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources longcopulas_21]\u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f[\/tag]
\n\u0101nh\u0101 emruz dar \u0161ir\u0101z hastand<\/em>
\n\u201cThey are in Shiraz today.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources longcopulas_22] !\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a [\/tag]
\nemruz hav\u0101 xub nist<\/em>
\n\u201cToday the weather is not good!\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources longcopulas_23]\u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0632\u062f\u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u061f[\/tag]
\n\u0101y\u0101 nazdik-e x\u0101ne-ye \u0161om\u0101 restur\u0101n-e cini hast<\/em>?
\n\u201cAre there any Chinese restaurants near your house?\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources longcopulas_24]\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u062e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u062e\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0645[\/tag]
\nemruz xeyli xaste hastam<\/em>
\n\u201cI am very tired today.\u201d<\/h5>\n

To reiterate, the Long Copulas in Persian originated from the now abandoned \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646 hasten<\/em> \u2018to exist\u2019. In modern Persian this verb only exists in the conjugated form, and the infinitival form has been abandoned entirely. It may be replaced in the sentence[tag resources longcopulas_25] \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646.[\/tag]<\/p>\n

The affirmative form is conjugated as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
(I) am, exist<\/td>\nhastam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources longcopulas_26]\u0647\u0633\u062a\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[singular] (you) are, exist<\/td>\nhasti<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources longcopulas_27]\u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(he\/she\/it) is, exists<\/td>\nhast<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources longcopulas_28]\u0647\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(we) are, exist<\/td>\nhastim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources longcopulas_29]\u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[plural] (you) are, exist<\/td>\nhastid<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources longcopulas_30]\u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(they) are, exist<\/td>\nhastand<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources longcopulas_31]\u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The negative is as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
(I) am not<\/td>\nnistam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources longcopulas_32]\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[singular] (you) are not<\/td>\nnisti<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources longcopulas_33]\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(she\/he\/it) is not<\/td>\nnist<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources longcopulas_34]\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(we) are not<\/td>\nnistim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources longcopulas_35]\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[plural] (you) are not<\/td>\nnistid<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources longcopulas_36]\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(they) are not<\/td>\nnistand<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources longcopulas_37]\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

hast<\/em> has an emphatic roll, in which case it takes the stress.<\/p>\n

With the exception of the third person singular, this verb may replace the personal enclitic copulas. They are particularly useful for euphonic purposes, when we are dealing with terminal vowels before the copulas, especially in the case of the clash of adjacent like sounds:<\/p>\n

[tag resources longcopulas_38]\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u06cc\u06cc\/\u0627\u06cc\t\t<\t\t \u062a\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u061f[\/tag]
\nto iran-yi< to irani hasti? (singular)<\/em>
\n“Are you Iranian?”
\n[tag resources longcopulas_39]\u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u06cc\u06cc\u062f\/\u0627\u06cc\u062f\t\t<\t\t\u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u062f\u061f[\/tag]
\n\u0161om\u0101 iran-yid > \u0161om\u0101 irani hastid? (plural)<\/em>
\n“Are you Iranian?”
\n[tag resources longcopulas_40]\u067e\u0633 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u062c\u0627\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\/\u06a9\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u061f\t<\t\t\u067e\u0633 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u062c\u0627 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u061f[\/tag]
\npas \u0101nh\u0101 koj\u0101-and\/yand < pas \u0101nh\u0101 koj\u0101 hastand?<\/em>
\n“So where are they?”
\n[tag resources longcopulas_41]\u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u200c\u06cc\u06cc\u062f\u061f\t<\t\t\u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u062f\u061f[\/tag]
\n\u0101y\u0101 \u0161om\u0101 \u0101mrik\u0101-yid < \u0101y\u0101 \u0161om\u0101 \u0101mrik\u0101i hastid?<\/em>
\n“Are you American?”
\n<\/h5>\n

In the case of the third person singular, however, we cannot replace \u0627\u0633\u062a with \u0647\u0633\u062a, unless it has an emphatic roll, in which case it takes the stress.<\/p>\n

Compare and contrast the following sentences:<\/p>\n

[tag resources longcopulas_42]\u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nu d\u0101ne\u0161ju-ye xu’bi ast<\/em>
\n\u201cShe\/he is a good student.\u201d<\/p>\n

(\u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc\u0633\u062a contracted)
\n[tag resources longcopulas_43]\u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nu d\u0101ne\u0161ju-ye xubi ha’st<\/em>
\n\u201cShe\/he (really) is a good student.\u201d<\/h5>\n

As in the second English sentence is takes the stress from the adjective \u201cgood,\u201d so does the third person singular \u0647\u0633\u062a in Persian take away the stress from the adjective \u062e\u0648\u0628; whereas in the case of all persons other than the third person singular, if the stress stays on the adjective, it means \u2018am, are\u2019 (as in \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u0645 and \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0645 man xu’b hastam<\/em> \u2018I am fine\u2019), but if the stress is moved to hast<\/em>, it is emphatic; as in, \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0645 man xub ha’stam<\/em> \u2018I (really) am fine [not to worry!]\u2019.<\/p>\n

Therefore, if the verb is not emphatic, then we would get:<\/p>\n

[tag resources longcopulas_44]\u0647\u0633\u062a\u0645\u066c \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u066c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u066c \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0645\u066c \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u062f\u066c \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f[\/tag]<\/p>\n

And if the verb is emphatic, or if it means \u201cto exist,\u201d then we have:<\/p>\n

[tag resources longcopulas_45]\u0647\u0633\u062a\u0645\u066c \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u066c \u0647\u0633\u062a\u066c \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0645\u066c \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u062f\u066c \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f[\/tag]<\/p>\n

hast<\/em> is also an affirmative reply to an otherwise negative connotation\/suggestion. Compare and contrast the following sentences:<\/p>\n

[tag resources longcopulas_46]\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nhasan d\u0101ne\u0161ju-ye xubi nist<\/em>
\n\u201cHasan is not a good student.\u201d
\n[tag resources longcopulas_47] !\u0686\u0631\u0627\u066c \u0647\u0633\u062a [\/tag]
\ncer\u0101, ha’st<\/em>
\n\u2018Why of course he is; but of course he is.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources longcopulas_48]\u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f[\/tag]
\ndar yaxc\u0101l \u03b3az\u0101 nist?<\/em>
\n\u201cIsn\u2019t there any food in the refrigerator?\u201d
\n[tag resources longcopulas_49] !\u0686\u0631\u0627\u066c( \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0630\u0627) \u0647\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\ncer\u0101, dar yaxc\u0101l \u03b3az\u0101 ha’st<\/em>
\n\u201cYes, there is (food in the fridge).\u201d<\/h5>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A copula is a word that combines the subject and its explanation. The verb “be” is the English copula. Persian has two copulas: ast and hast. hast is used for existential interpretations, and has a negative counterpart nist. ast is frequently reduced to the vowel [-e]. I am hastam [tag resources longcopulas_01]\u0647\u0633\u062a\u0645[\/tag] you are hasti […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":289,"featured_media":0,"parent":46,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-115","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/115","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/289"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=115"}],"version-history":[{"count":45,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/115\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3629,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/115\/revisions\/3629"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/46"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=115"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}