{"id":1168,"date":"2008-12-03T13:07:44","date_gmt":"2008-12-03T19:07:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/?page_id=1168"},"modified":"2017-01-30T14:10:05","modified_gmt":"2017-01-30T20:10:05","slug":"basic-prepositions","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/prepositions\/basic-prepositions\/","title":{"rendered":"Basic Preposition Usage"},"content":{"rendered":"

The following continues the general discussion of the basic usage<\/strong> of single prepositions<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Normally in a single sentence the object which takes the \u0627\u0632 az<\/em> preposition comes prior to the one which takes \u0628\u0647 be<\/em>:<\/p>\n

[tag resources basicprep_01a] \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0622\u0645\u062f [\/tag]
\nu az madrese be x\u0101ne \u0101mad <\/em>
\n“He came from the school to the house.”<\/h5>\n

In modern colloquial Persian \u062f\u0631 dar<\/em> is almost obsolete and a colloquial word for \u2018in, at\u2019 as \u062a\u0648 tu<\/em> is used instead:<\/p>\n

[tag resources basicprep_02a] \u062a\u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 ~ \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 [\/tag]
\ntu xune ~ dar x\u0101ne<\/em>
\n‘in the house\u2019<\/h5>\n

Under normal circumstances, both \u062f\u0631 dar<\/em> and \u062a\u0648 tu<\/em> are entirely dropped:<\/p>\n

[tag resources basicprep_03] \u067e\u062f\u0631\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u062a [\/tag]
\npedaram xunas(t) <\/em>instead of
\npedaram tu xunas(t)<\/em><\/h5>\n

Unless the whereabouts of the subject is of consequence, as in:<\/p>\n

[tag resources basicprep_04] \u067e\u062f\u0631\u0645 \u062a\u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u062a [\/tag]
\npedaram tu xunas(t)<\/em><\/h5>\n

Meaning ‘he is NOT in the yard, on the street, in the back alley, etc.,’ but “He is inside the house.”<\/p>\n

The \u062a\u0648 tu<\/em> reappears if the object takes an adjective, including the demonstrative adjective:<\/p>\n

[tag resources basicprep_05] \u0631\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0647[\/tag]
\nraftim ma\u03b3\u0101ze<\/em>
\n“We went to the\/a shop.”<\/h5>\n

But:<\/p>\n

[tag resources basicprep_06] \u0631\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0647 [\/tag]
\n raftim tu un ma\u03b3\u0101ze<\/em>
\n“We went to that (particular) shop.”<\/h5>\n
[tag resources basicprep_07] \u0631\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af[\/tag]
\nraftim tu xune bozorge<\/em>
\n“We went into the big house.”<\/h5>\n
[tag resources basicprep_08]\u0645\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u0645 \u0631\u0648 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647[\/tag]
\nm\u0101\u0161inam ro goz\u0101\u0161tam xune<\/em>
\n“I left my car at home.”<\/h5>\n

But:<\/p>\n

[tag resources basicprep_09]\u0645\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u0645 \u0631\u0648 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0646 \u06af\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0698 [\/tag]
\nm\u0101\u0161inam ro goz\u0101\u0161tam tu un g\u0101r\u0101\u017e<\/em>
\n“I left my car at that garage\/repair shop.”<\/h5>\n

More emphatic:<\/p>\n

[tag resources basicprep_10]\u0645\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u0645 \u0631\u0648 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0646 \u06af\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0698[\/tag]
\nm\u0101\u0161inam ro goz\u0101\u0161tam tu un g\u0101r\u0101\u017e<\/em>
\n“I left my car at that (particular) garage\/repair shop.”<\/h5>\n

With \u062a\u0648\u06cc \u201ctu(ye)<\/em> + noun\u201d obviously we are dealing with a sort of locative phrase. Although as a rule the verb should come at the end of the sentence, in colloquial Persian the verb tends to precede the prepositional phrase when dealing with location:<\/p>\n

[tag resources basicprep_11] \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 [\/tag]
\nraftam tu xune<\/em>
\n(instead of tu(ye) xune raftam<\/em>)
\n“I went inside the house.”<\/h5>\n
[tag resources basicprep_12] \u0631\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646 [\/tag]
\nraftim tehrun<\/em>
\n(instead of be tehrun raftim<\/em>)
\n“We went to Tehran.”<\/h5>\n

Depending on the phonetic environment and the semantic value of the prepositions, the personal enclitics<\/a> are not used with some of the prepositions, except colloquially.<\/p>\n

Compare and contrast the following sentences:<\/p>\n

[tag resources basicprep_13]\u067e\u062f\u0631\u0634 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0622\u0645\u062f [\/tag]
\npedara\u0161 b\u0101 u \u0101mad<\/em>
\n(instead of pedara\u0161 b\u0101 a\u0161 \u0101mad<\/em>)<\/h5>\n

[tag resources basicprep_01]\u067e\u062f\u0631\u0634 \u0628\u0647\u0634 \u06af\u0641\u062a [\/tag]
\npedara\u0161 beh-a\u0161 goft<\/em>
\n“His father told him.”<\/p>\n

In colloquial Persian the personal enclitics may even be added to \u0628\u0627 b\u0101,<\/em> with the intervention of a [-h\u0101-]\/[-ha-] segment as epenthesis. Although this is a Tehrani feature, it is becoming more and more common in other dialects through the influence of the media:<\/p>\n

[tag resources basicprep_02]\u067e\u062f\u0631\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0634 \u0622\u0645\u062f [\/tag]
\npedara\u0161 b\u0101h\u0101\u0161\/b\u0101ha\u0161 \u0101mad<\/em>
\n“His father came with him.”<\/h5>\n

The usage of [-ha-] is based on analogy with beha\u0161 ~ be + a\u0161. <\/em><\/p>\n

In colloquial Persian, bar<\/em> has become obsolete. It is only used formally:<\/p>\n

[tag resources basicprep_16]\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u0632[\/tag]
\n bar ru-ye miz <\/em>
\n\u2018upon the table\u2019<\/h5>\n

[tag resources basicprep_17]\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0647\u0631[\/tag]
\nbar far\u0101z-e \u0161ahr<\/em>
\n\u2018over\/above the city\u2019<\/p>\n

As a preposition, \u062a\u0627 t\u0101<\/em> has many different meanings and functions:<\/p>\n

As long as you talk, I shall not answer you.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
by<\/td>\nt\u0101 zohr bargard<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources basicprep_18] \u062a\u0627 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u06af\u0631\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\nreturn by noon<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
by the time<\/td>\nt\u0101 to \u03b3az\u0101yat r\u0101 tam\u0101m koni, man barga\u0161te-am<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources basicprep_19]\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u0648 \u063a\u0630\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u06af\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0645 [\/tag]<\/td>\nBy the time you have finished your meal, I shall have returned.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
up to\/until<\/td>\nt\u0101 \u0101n lahze u r\u0101 nadide budam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources basicprep_20]\u062a\u0627 \u0622\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nUp to\/until that moment, I had not seen him\/her.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
until<\/td>\nham\u0101nj\u0101 ne\u0161astam t\u0101 u barga\u0161t<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources basicprep_21]\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u06af\u0634\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\nI sat there until he\/she returned.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
so, so that<\/td>\n biy\u0101 t\u0101 be to beguyam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources basicprep_22]\u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0648 \u0628\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nCome so that I\u2019d tell you.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
in order to<\/td>\n\u0101made-am (t\u0101) pedarat r\u0101 bebinam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources basicprep_23]\u0622\u0645\u062f\u0645 (\u062a\u0627) \u067e\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nI have come in order to see your father.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
in order that<\/td>\n ba\u010de r\u0101 \u0101varde-im t\u0101 betav\u0101nad b\u0101zi r\u0101 bebinad<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources basicprep_24]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\nWe have brought the child in order that he\/she can see the game.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
insofar as<\/td>\nt\u0101 mitav\u0101ni b\u0101yad az forsat estef\u0101de koni<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources basicprep_25]\u062a\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\nInsofar as you can, you must seize the opportunity.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
as long as<\/td>\nt\u0101 vaqti ke to harf mizani, man jav\u0101bat r\u0101 nemi daham<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources basicprep_26]\u062a\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u06cc \u0632\u0646\u06cc \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
as soon as<\/td>\nt\u0101 berasi be r\u0101h mi oftim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources basicprep_27]\u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nAs soon as you arrive, we shall set out.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
to<\/td>\n\u010dizi ke miguyid t\u0101 haddi
\nsahih ast<\/em><\/td>\n		[tag resources basicprep_28]\u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u06cc \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\nWhat you are saying is correct to a certain point.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
up to<\/td>\nt\u0101 inj\u0101 dorost ast<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources basicprep_29]\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\nUp to this point, it is correct.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Poem:<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0640\u0627 \u062a\u0640\u0648 \u0646\u06af\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0640\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u0640\u06cc\u066c \u06a9\u0640\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0640\u0646 \u0622\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a
\n\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u0686\u0634\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u066c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0686\u0647 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/h5>\n
So long as to me you stare,
\nI keep sighing; and that\u2019s all my share
\nMay I be sacrificed for your eyes\u2019 pair!
\nGiving you those piercing eyes was all unfair<\/h5>\n

In the following contexts \u062a\u0627 t\u0101<\/em> functions as \u201cbefore\u201d does in English:<\/p>\n

[tag resources basicprep_31]\u062a\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u06af\u0631\u062f\u0645[\/tag]
\n t\u0101 dir na\u0161ode b\u0101yad bargardam<\/em>
\n“I have to return before it is too late.”<\/h5>\n

[tag resources basicprep_32]\u062a\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631[\/tag]
\nt\u0101 xar\u0101b na\u0161ode \u0101n r\u0101 zamin bogz\u0101r<\/em>
\n“Put it down before you break it.”<\/p>\n

[tag resources basicprep_33]\u062a\u0627 \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0646\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0645[\/tag]
\nt\u0101 \u0101n vaqt u r\u0101 mol\u0101q\u0101t nakarde budam<\/em>
\n“I had not met him\/her before.”<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The following continues the general discussion of the basic usage of single prepositions. Normally in a single sentence the object which takes the \u0627\u0632 az preposition comes prior to the one which takes \u0628\u0647 be: [tag resources basicprep_01a] \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0622\u0645\u062f [\/tag] u az madrese be x\u0101ne \u0101mad “He came from the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":289,"featured_media":0,"parent":47,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1168","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1168","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/289"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1168"}],"version-history":[{"count":63,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1168\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4529,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1168\/revisions\/4529"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/47"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1168"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}