{"id":118,"date":"2008-07-03T12:35:12","date_gmt":"2008-07-03T17:35:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/?page_id=118"},"modified":"2009-04-05T21:53:15","modified_gmt":"2009-04-06T03:53:15","slug":"subjunctive-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/verbs\/subjunctive-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Present Subjunctive"},"content":{"rendered":"

The subjunctive<\/strong> tense has to do with elements of doubt, tentativeness, uncertainty, and vagueness. These characteristics make the subjunctive tense stand in contrast with such tenses as the indicative or the imperative. We will first begin with the general present subjunctive,<\/strong> and continue with past and perfect forms.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Unlike Persian, French, and some other languages, in English this tense is less productive. In English the subjunctive verb form can be very difficult to detect because it is spelled like other tenses of the verb. It may be found in hypothetical constructions such as “if he were here” as opposed to “if he was here,” in such expressiona as \u201cSo be it!\u201d, and in certain clauses introduced by ‘that,’ as in, “I suggest that<\/em> she go to see a dentist.”<\/p>\n

Compare the following English sentences:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Indicative<\/em> (present \u201cto be\u201d)<\/td>\nI am with my parents right now.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Subjunctive<\/em> (past \u201cto be\u201d)<\/td>\nI wish I were with my parents right now.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Indicative<\/em> (present \u201cto read\u201d)<\/td>\nShe reads two books a day.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Subjunctive<\/em> (no [-s] with the third person singular)<\/td>\nThis course requires that she read two books a day.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

To understand the subjunctive in Persian, English is of little help. In addition to the orthography, there are syntactic and grammatical differences between the two languages. For instance, the English past subjunctive, \u201cI should have gone\u201d corresponds with the Persian perfect subjunctive; and, therefore, it is difficult for an English speaker to recognize the difference between, \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645 b\u0101yad mi raftam<\/em> \u2018I had to go\u2019 and \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645 b\u0101yad mi raftam<\/em> \u2018I should have gone,\u2019 by just reading or listening to the Persian phrase \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645.<\/p>\n

Compare the following sentences with their English translations:<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_01]\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u0646\u0686\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u062a\u06cc[\/tag]
\nb\u0101yad panjare r\u0101 mi basti <\/em>
\n\u201cYou should have closed the window.\u201d
\nEnglish past subjunctive (perfect in form) Persian past subjunctive<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_02]\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u0646\u0686\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc[\/tag]
\nb\u0101yad panjare r\u0101 mi basti<\/em>
\n\u201cYou must have closed the window.\u201d
\nEnglish past subjunctive (perfect in form) Persian perfect subjunctive<\/h5>\n

In Persian a verb in the subjunctive has a particular form and\u2014once you have learned the construction\u2014it is easy to recognize. The basic features for the subjunctive are as follows:<\/p>\n

With the exception of the jussive and optative moods, in Persian, a verb in the subjunctive form is always a complement to a main verb in the sentence or clause. That is to say, it always falls secondary and complementary to a primary verb in the indicative mood.<\/p>\n

The subjunctive of simple verbs is constructed by the addition of a [b\u00e9-] prefix to the present stem, and the addition of the personal endings:<\/p>\n

\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u0646 xaridan<\/em> \u2018to buy\u2019 \u2192 present stem – \u062e\u0631- -xar-<\/em> \u2192 present subjunctive \u0628\u062e\u0631\u0645 bexaram<\/em> \u2018(I) buy;\u2019 as in \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u062e\u0631\u0645 b\u0101yad bexaram<\/em> \u2018I must buy.\u2019<\/p>\n

In behavior, this [b\u00e9-] prefix functions exactly as the [b\u00e9-] prefix as seen in Imperatives.<\/a> It also follows the same euphonic rules.<\/p>\n

There are two distinct differences between the construction of the subjunctive and the imperative:<\/p>\n

Unlike the imperative, subjunctive applies to all six persons, while the imperative only applies to the second person singular and plural.<\/p>\n

In the imperative, the second person singular does not take any ending while in subjunctive it takes the regular second person ending \u0640\u06cc [-i] ([-yi] after vowels):<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Go!<\/td>\nboro\/berav-i<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentsub_03]\u0628\u0631\u0648![\/tag]\/[tag resources presentsub_04]\u0628\u0631\u0648\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Say\/tell!<\/td>\nbegu\/begu-i<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentsub_05]\u0628\u06af\u0648![\/tag]\/[tag resources presentsub_06]\u0628\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sleep!<\/td>\nbex\u0101b\/bex\u0101b-i<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentsub_07]\u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628![\/tag]\/[tag resources presentsub_08]\u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Listen!<\/td>\nbe\u0161no\/be\u0161nav-i<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentsub_09] \u0628\u0634\u0646\u0648![\/tag]\/[tag resources presentsub_10]\u0628\u0634\u0646\u0648\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The negative is constructed by replacing the [b\u00e9-] prefix with [n\u00e1-]:<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645 b\u00e9ravam<\/em> > \u0646\u0631\u0648\u0645 n\u00e1ravam<\/em>, \u0628\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc b\u00e9guyi<\/em> > \u0646\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc n\u00e1guyi,<\/em> \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc b\u00e9x\u0101hi<\/em> > \u0646\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc n\u00e1x\u0101hi,<\/em> etc.<\/p>\n

As mentioned in Imperatives, the two verbs \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 budan<\/em> \u2018to be\u2019 and \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 d\u0101\u0161tan<\/em> \u2018to have\u2019 are irregular in Persian, and in most phonetic contexts they behave differently than other verbs:<\/p>\n

The subjunctive of budan<\/em> takes the different verbal stem \u0628\u0627\u0634, whose historical infinitival form (that is, * \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f\u0646 b\u0101\u0161idan<\/em>) is obsolete and does not exist in New Persian any more. In the subjunctive this verb never takes the [be-] prefix:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
[tag resources presentsub_11]\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nb\u0101\u0161am<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentsub_12]\u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n b\u0101\u0161im<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[tag resources presentsub_13]\u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\nb\u0101\u0161i<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentsub_14]\u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\nb\u0101\u0161id<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[tag resources presentsub_15]\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\nb\u0101\u0161ad<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentsub_16]\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\nb\u0101\u0161and<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Example:<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_17]\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0645[\/tag]
\nb\u0101yad \u0101nj\u0101 b\u0101\u0161am<\/em>
\n\u201cI must\/have to be there.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_18] !\u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc \u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u06af\u0631\u062f\u0645[\/tag]
\nbehtar ast dar hamin ot\u0101q b\u0101\u0161i t\u0101 man bar gardam!<\/em>
\n\u201cYou\u2019d better stay in this (very) room, until I return!\u201d<\/h5>\n

The subjunctive of the verb \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 d\u0101\u0161tan \u2018to have\u2019 is constructed with the past participle of this verb and the subjunctive of budan<\/em>, that is, b\u0101\u0161am, b\u0101\u0161i, b\u0101\u0161ad, b\u0101\u0161im, b\u0101\u0161id, b\u0101\u0161and<\/em>:<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_19]\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u061f[\/tag]
\nmi x\u0101hi in r\u0101 d\u0101\u0161te b\u0101\u0161i?<\/em>
\n\u201cDo you want\/would you like to have this?\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_20]\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]
\nm\u0101 b\u0101yad in mas\u2019ale r\u0101 dar nazar d\u0101\u0161te b\u0101\u0161im<\/em>
\n\u201cWe must bear this in mind.\u201d<\/h5>\n

The two verbs \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f b\u0101yad<\/em> \u2018must, have to\u2019 and \u0634\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0161\u0101yad<\/em> \u2018perhaps, maybe\u2019 are frozen in the third-person singular, similar to the English \u201cit is necessary,\u201d in \u201cit is necessary that I go there.\u201d They are referred to as \u201cimpersonal\u201d verbs, because they can be applied to any of the six persons in the table; as in, in English I must go, you must go, he must go, etc., \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645, etc.<\/p>\n

Originally \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f and \u0634\u0627\u06cc\u062f are the third singular present tense of the now obsolete infinitives \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u2018to be imperative\u2019 and \u0634\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u2018to be appropriate.\u2019 But in Modern Persian \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f simply means \u2018must, should, it is necessary, etc.\u2019 and \u0634\u0627\u06cc\u062f means \u2018perhaps, maybe, it is possible, etc.\u2019<\/p>\n

An alternative form of \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f is \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a b\u0101yest<\/em>. Technically, this form is the past stem as well as the third singular in the past (that is, \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646 > \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0640); however, in Modern Persian it is used alternatively as a substitute for \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f; as in, \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645 b\u0101yad beravam<\/em> \u2018I have to go, must go, etc.\u2019 = \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n

Both \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f and \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a may be prefixed with \u0645\u06cc as \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f and \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a. In Modern Persian, all four forms are the same; that is to say:[tag resources presentsub_21]\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f = \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a = \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f = \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/p>\n

To assume that \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645 means \u2018I have to go\u2019 and \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645 means \u2018I had to go\u2019 is erroneous and based on analogy.<\/p>\n

Another form of \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a as \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc and alternatively as \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc is also used.<\/p>\n

As a rule Subjunctive is always the anterior verb, dependant on a main verb in the sentence, which also sets the tense (past<\/a> and perfect subjunctive<\/a> are discussed in other sections):<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_22]\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]
\nmosammam ast ke biy\u0101yad <\/em>
\n\u201cHe is determined to come.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_23]\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]
\nmosammam \u0161ode bud (ke) biy\u0101yad <\/em>
\n\u201cHe has been determined to come.\u201d<\/h5>\n

The subjunctive is used in the following situations:<\/p>\n

When the object of a clause or sentence is indefinite. Compare and contrast the following pairs:<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_24]\u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f[\/tag]
\nbe donb\u0101l-e mo\u2019allemi mi gardam ke far\u0101nse bed\u0101nad <\/em>
\n\u201cI am looking for a teacher who would know French.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_25]\u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f[\/tag]
\nbe donb\u0101l-e mo\u2019allemi mi gardam ke far\u0101nse mi d\u0101nad <\/em>
\n\u201cI am looking for the teacher who knows French.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_26]\u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f[\/tag]
\nbe donb\u0101l-e kasi mi gardam ke r\u0101nandegi bed\u0101nad <\/em>
\n\u201cI am looking for someone who would know how to drive.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_27]\u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0646 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nbe donb\u0101l-e \u0101n kasi mi gardam ke r\u0101nandegi mi d\u0101nad <\/em>
\n\u201cI am looking for the person who knows how to drive.\u201d<\/h5>\n

With relative pronouns and conjunctions, such as \u0647\u0631\u0648\u0642\u062a harvaqt<\/em> \u2018whenever,\u2019 \u0647\u0631\u062c\u0627 \/ \u0647\u0631\u06a9\u062c\u0627 harj\u0101\/harkoj\u0101<\/em> \u2018wherever,\u2019 \u0647\u0631\u06a9\u0633 \/ \u0647\u0631\u06a9\u0647 \/ \u0647\u0631\u06a9\u06cc (colloquial) hark as\/harke\/harki<\/em> \u2018whoever,\u2019 \u0647\u0631\u0686\u0647 \/ \u0647\u0631\u0686\u06cc (colloquial) hace\/harci<\/em> \u2018whatever,\u2019 and \u0647\u0631\u0686\u0646\u062f harcand<\/em> \u2018however much, however many\u2019 (always followed by a counting word, otherwise it means \u201calthough\u201d). As definite, these words respectively mean, \u2018when, every time that,\u2019 \u2018everywhere,\u2019 \u2018everybody who, everyone who,\u2019 \u2018everything that.\u2019 Compare and contrast the following pairs:<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_28]\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nharvaqt biy\u0101yad xub ast <\/em>
\n\u201cWhenever he may come it is fine.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_29]\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u0622\u06cc\u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f[\/tag]
\nharvaqt mi \u0101yad, xeyli mi m\u0101nad <\/em>
\n\u201cEvery time she\/he comes, she\/he stays for a long time.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_30]\u0647\u0631\u062c\u0627 \/ \u0647\u0631\u06a9\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nharj\u0101\/harkoj\u0101 beravim behtar az inj\u0101 ast <\/em>
\n\u201cWherever we may go it is better than here.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_31]\u0647\u0631\u062c\u0627 \/ \u0647\u0631\u06a9\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0686\u06cc\u0632 \u0642\u0634\u0646\u06af \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]
\nharj\u0101\/harkoj\u0101 mi ravim yek ciz-e qa\u0161ang mi binim <\/em>
\n\u201cWherever we go we see something beautiful.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_32]\u0647\u0631\u06a9\u0647\/\u0647\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\/ \u0647\u0631\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]
\nharke\/harki\/harkas r\u0101 bebinam, be u mi guyam <\/em>
\n\u201cWhomever I may see, I shall tell him\/her.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_33]\u0647\u0631\u06a9\u0647\/\u0647\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\/ \u0647\u0631\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]
\nharke\/harki\/harkas r\u0101 mi binam, be u mi guyam <\/em>
\n\u201cI say it to whomever I see.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_34]\u0647\u0631\u0686\u0647 \u0628\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nharce beguyam bar\u0101-ye xod-e to ast <\/em>
\n\u201cWhatever I may say, it is for your own sake\/good.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_35]\u0647\u0631\u0686\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nharce mi guyam bar\u0101-ye xod-e to ast <\/em>
\n\u201cEverything I say is for your own sake\/good.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_36]\u0647\u0631\u0686\u0646\u062f \u062c\u0644\u062f \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u0645[\/tag]
\nharcand jeld ket\u0101b bex\u0101had, be u mi daham <\/em>
\n\u201cHowever many books he\/she may want, I shall give them to him\/her.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_37]\u0647\u0631\u0686\u0646\u062f \u062c\u0644\u062f \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u0645[\/tag]
\nharcand jeld ket\u0101b mi x\u0101had, be u mi daham <\/em>
\n\u201cHowever many books he\/she wants, I give them to him\/her.\u201d<\/h5>\n

Compare the functions of \u0647\u0631\u0686\u0646\u062f in the above sentences with the following sentence:<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_38]\u0647\u0631\u0686\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0647 \u0642\u0634\u0646\u06af \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0627 \u0642\u0634\u0646\u06af \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nharcand far\u0101nse qa\u0161ang ast, amm\u0101 it\u0101liy\u0101 qa\u0161ang tar ast <\/em>
\n\u201cAlthough France is beautiful, Italy is more beautiful.\u201d<\/h5>\n

With \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 kasi ke \u2018whosoever\u2019. Compare and contrast the following pair:<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_39]\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0632\u062d\u0645\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u062f[\/tag]
\nkasi ke cizi bex\u0101had, bar\u0101ya\u0161 zahmat mi ka\u0161ad <\/em>
\n\u201cIf someone\/whosoever wants something, he\/she would work hard for it.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_40]\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0632\u062d\u0645\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u062f[\/tag]
\nkasi ke cizi mi x\u0101had, bar\u0101ya\u0161 zahmat mi ka\u0161ad <\/em>
\n\u201cHe\/she who wants something, would work hard for it.\u201d<\/h5>\n

In descriptive clause with \u0645\u062b\u0644…\u0640\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 mesl-e \u2026i ke \u2018like \u2026that\u2026\u2019. As we can see, in this case the noun is in indefinite:<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_41]\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0631[\/tag]\u062f
\nmesl-e kasi ke x\u0101b b\u0101\u0161ad, aslant tak\u0101n nami xord<\/em>
\n\u201cLlike someone who is asleep, he did not move at all.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_42]\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f[\/tag]
\nmesl-e kasi ke cizi bex\u0101had, be man neg\u0101h mi kard <\/em>
\n\u201c(just) Like someone who wants something, he was looking at me.\u201d<\/h5>\n

With the comparative of the \u201ctoo\u2026to\u201d kind:<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_43]\u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0648\u06cc \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0632\u062f[\/tag]
\nu qavi tar az \u0101n ast ke b\u0101zi r\u0101 beb\u0101zad <\/em>
\n\u201cShe\/he is too strong to lose the game.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_44]\u062a\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0648\u0634 \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0627 \u06af\u0648\u0634 \u0628\u062f\u0647\u06cc[\/tag]
\nto b\u0101hu\u0161 tar az \u0101n hasti ke be in harf h\u0101 gu\u0161 bedahi <\/em>
\n\u201cYou are too intelligent to listen to these sayings.\u201d<\/h5>\n

The formula is, complement adjective + az \u0101n<\/em> + copula + ke<\/em>\u2026<\/p>\n

As the complement of any positive or negative expression. Compare the following pairs:<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_45]\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645[\/tag]
\nkasi r\u0101 didam ke pul r\u0101 be u bedaham <\/em>
\n\u201cI did see someone to give him\/her the money.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_46]\u0647\u06cc\u0686\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645[\/tag]
\nhickas r\u0101 nadidam ke pul r\u0101 be u bedaham <\/em>
\n\u201cI did not see anybody so I would give him\/her the money.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_47]\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f (\u06a9\u0647) \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]
\nqar\u0101r bud (ke) u be inj\u0101 biy\u0101yad<\/em>
\n\u201cShe\/he was supposed to come here.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_48]\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f (\u06a9\u0647) \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]
\nqar\u0101r nabud (ke) u be inj\u0101 biy\u0101yad <\/em>
\n\u201cShe\/he was not supposed to come here.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_49]\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f[\/tag]
\ndar inj\u0101 cizi hast ke u bex\u0101had <\/em>
\n\u201cThere must be something here that would interest him\/her,\u201d literally, \u201cThere is something here that she\/he would want.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_50]\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f[\/tag]
\ndar inj\u0101 cizi nist ke u bex\u0101had <\/em>
\n\u201cThere is nothing here that she\/he might possibly want.\u201d<\/h5>\n

One of the instances in which the subjunctive tense is used may be compared with the English infinitival clause (that is, the to-infinitive), as in \u201cI have to go;\u201d for example, \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645! b\u0101yad beravam<\/em> \u2018I have to go, I must go.\u2019<\/p>\n

The verb \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u0161odan<\/em> \u2018to become\u2019 has an impersonal form az \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f mi \u0161avad<\/em> (frozen in the third person singular), which may be compared with the English \u201cit is\/is it possible.\u201d Within a regular syntax it calls for the subjunctive. Compare the following sentences with \u0634\u062f\u0646 with the English translations:<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_51]\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u0645\u061f[\/tag]
\nmi \u0161avad man ham biy\u0101yam? <\/em>
\n\u201cCould I come too? is it possible that I come too?\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_52]\u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]
\naz \u0101nj\u0101 mi \u0161od \u0101nj\u0101 r\u0101 bebinim <\/em>
\n\u201cFrom where we were it was possible to see it.\u201d (literally, \u201cTrom there it was possible for us to see it.\u201d)<\/h5>\n
[tag resources presentsub_53]\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u061f[\/tag]
\nmi \u0161avad bacce r\u0101 ham biy\u0101varim? <\/em>
\n\u201cCould we bring the child too?\u201d<\/h5>\n

A different historical construction exists in Persian in which a gerund is used instead of the subjunctive. In New Persian this gerund has lost its [-an] suffix:<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_54]\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u061f[\/tag]
\nmi \u0161avad in r\u0101 xord? <\/em>
\n\u201cIs it possible to eat this;\u201d that is, \u201cmay I eat this;\u201d from the classical \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646.
\n\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f b\u0101yad in k\u0101r r\u0101 kard<\/em> \u2018It is advisable to do this.\u201d<\/p>\n

There are a number of conjunctions which call for the subjunctive in adverbial clauses, as in when a conjunction of purpose is either present or inherent within the context. In this case the subjunctive is invariably in the present tense, regardless of the tense of the main verb:<\/p>\n

Simple Past:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
I came to see you.<\/td>\n\u0101madam ke \u0161om\u0101 r\u0101 bebinam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentsub_55]\u0622\u0645\u062f\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
I came to see you.<\/td>\n\u0101madam t\u0101 \u0161om\u0101 r\u0101 bebinam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentsub_56]\u0622\u0645\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
I came to see you.<\/td>\n\u0101madam \u0161om\u0101 r\u0101 bebinam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentsub_57]\u0622\u0645\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Present Perfect:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
I have come to see you.<\/td>\n\u0101made am ke \u0161om\u0101 r\u0101 bebinam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentsub_58]\u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
I have come to see you.<\/td>\n\u0101made am t\u0101 \u0161om\u0101 r\u0101 bebinam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentsub_59]\u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
I have come to see you.<\/td>\n\u0101made am \u0161om\u0101 r\u0101 bebinam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentsub_60]\u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Past Perfect:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
I had come to see you.<\/td>\n\u0101made budam ke \u0161om\u0101 r\u0101 bebinam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentsub_61]\u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
I had come to see you.<\/td>\n\u0101made budam t\u0101 \u0161om\u0101 r\u0101 bebinam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentsub_62]\u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
I had come to see you.<\/td>\n\u0101made budam \u0161om\u0101 r\u0101 bebinam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentsub_63]\u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Past Progressive:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
I was coming to see you, I used to come to see you.<\/td>\nmi \u0101madam ke \u0161om\u0101 r\u0101 bebinam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentsub_64]\u0645\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
I was coming to see you, I used to come to see you.<\/td>\nmi \u0101madam t\u0101 \u0161om\u0101 r\u0101 bebinam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentsub_65]\u0645\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
I was coming to see you.<\/td>\nmi \u0101madam \u0161om\u0101 r\u0101 bebinam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources presentsub_66]\u0645\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

With the formal future (\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0622\u0645\u062f) the conjunction is always present:<\/p>\n

Future:<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_67]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0622\u0645\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0645[\/tag]
\nx\u0101ham \u0101mad ke \u0161om\u0101 r\u0101 bebinam<\/em>
\n\u201cI shall come to see you.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_68]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0622\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0645[\/tag]
\nx\u0101ham \u0101mad t\u0101 \u0161om\u0101 r\u0101 bebinam<\/em>
\n\u201cI shall come to see you.\u201d<\/h5>\n

In the present tense, it follows the conjunctions of exception, condition, concession, provision, etc. In the past tense the syntax changes. Compare and contrast the following pairs:
\nPresent:<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_69]\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0645[\/tag]
\nagar ham bemiram b\u0101z ham mi ravam<\/em>
\n\u201cEven though I may die, I am still going.\u201d<\/h5>\n

Past:<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_70]\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag]
\nagar ham mi mordam b\u0101z ham mi raftam<\/em>
\n\u201cEven though I would have died, I would have gone.\u201d<\/h5>\n

Present:<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_71]\u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0648 \u0628\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u0622\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]
\nbe \u0161arti ke to beguyi man mi \u0101yam<\/em>
\n\u201cI would come only if you say so.\u201d<\/h5>\n

Past:<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_72]\u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0648 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0641\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0645[\/tag]
\nbe \u0161arti ke to mi gofti man mi \u0101madam<\/em>
\n\u201cOnly if you had told me I would have come.\u201d<\/h5>\n

Present:<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_73]\u0645\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0634 \u0646\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0648\u06af\u0631\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u0622\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]
\nmagar in ke xoda\u0161 nax\u0101had, vagarna man mi \u0101yam<\/em>
\n\u201cUnless he (himself) doesn\u2019t want it, otherwise I shall come.\u201d<\/h5>\n

Past:<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_74]\u0645\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0634 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0648\u06af\u0631\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0645[\/tag]
\nmagar in ke xoda\u0161 nami x\u0101st, vagarna man mi \u0101madam<\/em>
\n\u201cUnless he (himself) didn\u2019t want it, otherwise I would come.\u201d<\/h5>\n

With temporal conjunctions:<\/p>\n

From the prepositions Arabic \u0642\u0628\u0644 qabl<\/em> and Persian \u067e\u06cc\u0634 pi\u0161<\/em> \u2018before\u2019 are derived the conjunctions \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 qabl az in ke<\/em> and \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 pi\u0161 az in ke<\/em> \u2018before.\u2019 These conjunctions are both followed by the present subjunctive, regardless of the tense of the main verb:<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_75]\u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \/ \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0645[\/tag]
\nqabl az in ke\/pi\u0161 az in ke berasid, \u0101nj\u0101 r\u0101 tamiz mi konam<\/em>
\n\u201cI shall clean that place before you arrive.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_76]\u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \/ \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u06cc\u0632 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f[\/tag]
\nqabl az in ke\/pi\u0161 az in ke berasid, \u0101nj\u0101 r\u0101 tamiz karde budand<\/em>
\n\u201cThey had cleaned that place before you arrived.\u201d<\/h5>\n

Another conjunction is \u062a\u0627 t\u0101<\/em>, which has many different meanings according to its syntactic role, as follows: \u2018until\u2019, \u2018so long as\u2019, \u2018as soon as\u2019, \u2018by the time that\u2019, all of which is followed by a negative present subjunctive:<\/p>\n

Until, so long as\u2026<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_77]\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0646\u06a9\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f[\/tag]
\nt\u0101 to harekat nakoni, u tak\u0101n nami xorad<\/em>
\n\u201cHe\/she won\u2019t move until you set out.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_78]\u062a\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u0631\u0633\u064e\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0644\u0648\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc[\/tag]
\nt\u0101 darsat r\u0101 nax\u0101ni, nami tav\u0101ni television tam\u0101\u0161\u0101 koni<\/em>
\n\u201cYou cannot watch the TV until you have done with your studies.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_79]\u0646\u0634\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0627 \u062a\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc[\/tag]
\nne\u0161aste am t\u0101 to biy\u0101yi<\/em>
\n\u201cI am sitting here waiting for you to show up.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_80]\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0627 \u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0646\u062f[\/tag]
\nman inj\u0101 x\u0101bide am t\u0101 \u0101n h\u0101 berasand<\/em>
\n\u201cI am lying down\/sleeping here until they arrive.\u201d<\/h5>\n

By the time<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_81]\u062a\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f[\/tag]
\nt\u0101 \u0161om\u0101 berasid mehm\u0101n h\u0101 rafte<\/em>
\nand \u201cBy the time you get home, the guests will have gone.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_82]\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0648 \u0647\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u06af\u0630\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nt\u0101 u r\u0101 bebinim, do hafte goza\u0161te ast<\/em>
\n\u201cBy the time we see him\/her, two week will (already) have passed.\u201d<\/h5>\n

So long as<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_83]\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0646\u06a9\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f[\/tag]
\nt\u0101 to harekat nakoni, u tak\u0101n nami xorad<\/em>
\n\u201cHe\/she won\u2019t move until you set out.\u201d<\/h5>\n

As soon as<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_84]\u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]
\nt\u0101 berasid be r\u0101h mi oftim<\/em>
\n\u201cAs soon as you arrive we shall set out.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_85]\u062a\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u0645[\/tag]
\nt\u0101 biy\u0101yand xabar r\u0101 be \u0101n h\u0101 mi daham<\/em>
\n\u201cAs soon as they arrive I shall give them the news.\u201d<\/h5>\n

Although as a rule subjunctive is always dependant on another main verb in the sentence, there are specific instances in which it is used independently, as follows:<\/p>\n

When it is used as a jussive:<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_86]!\u0628\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]
\nberavim!<\/em>
\n\u201cLet\u2019s go!\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_87] !\u0628\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f[\/tag]
\nbogz\u0101r b\u0101\u0161ad<\/em>
\n\u201cLet it be!\u201d<\/h5>\n

In the optative mood (mostly governed by \u201cmay\u201d in English):<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_88] !\u062e\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0632\u062f\u0634[\/tag]
\nxod\u0101 biy\u0101morzada\u0161<\/em>
\n\u201cMay God have mercy on his soul.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_89]!\u062e\u062f\u0627 \u0646\u06a9\u0646\u062f[\/tag]
\nxod\u0101 nakonad<\/em>
\n\u201cGod forbid.\u201d<\/h5>\n

As the deliberative interrogative, which in English is governed by \u201cshould\u201d and \u201cshall\u201d:<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_90]\u0686\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u0645\u061f[\/tag]
\nce konam<\/em>
\n\u201cWhat should I do?\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_91]\u0628\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0645\u061f[\/tag]
\nberavim?<\/em>
\n\u201cShall we go?\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_92]\u0686\u0647 \u0628\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0645\u061f[\/tag]
\nce beguyam?<\/em>
\n\u201cWhat should I say? what can I say?\u201d<\/h5>\n

The subjunctive \u201c\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f!\u201d, that is, the third person singular subjunctive of the verb \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 budan<\/em> \u2018to be,\u2019 is also used as a term of agreement, and equates to the English formula as \u201cAlright! O.K.!, Fine!, So be it!\u201d:<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_93] !\u0627\u0645\u0634\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0654 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0627[\/tag]
\nem\u0161ab be x\u0101ne-ye m\u0101 biy\u0101<\/em>
\n\u201cCome to our house tonight!\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_94]!\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f[\/tag]
\nb\u0101sad<\/em>
\n\u201cAlright!\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_95]!\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062e\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f[\/tag]
\nagar xod\u0101 in towr mi x\u0101had, xob, b\u0101\u0161ad<\/em>
\n\u201cIf it is God\u2019s desire, then so be it!\u201d<\/h5>\n

Since in Persian the present tense also governs the future tense, a particular present subjunctive construction expresses constraint, necessity, obligation, etc. in the future tense. It may be compared with the English, \u201c\u2026going to have to\u2026.\u201d The most frequently used modal verb in this kind of construction is \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f. In addition to \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f, such obligatory full verbs as \u0645\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 majbur budan<\/em> and \u0646\u0627\u0686\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 n\u0101c\u0101r budan<\/em> \u2018to have to, to be obligated to, to be constrained to.\u2019 Just like its English counterpart, it expresses uncertainty about the result of ones action. That is to say, when one says, \u201cI am going to have to call them\u2026,\u201d the ultimate connotation is that he or she does not know what the result of that call would be.<\/p>\n

Example:<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_96]\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0628\u0632\u0646\u0645[\/tag]
\nb\u0101yad be \u0101n h\u0101 telefon bezanam<\/em>
\n\u201cI have to call them, I am going to have to call them.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_97]\u0645\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0628\u0632\u0646\u0645[\/tag]
\nmajburam be \u0101n h\u0101 telefon bezanam<\/em>
\n\u201cI am obligated to call them, I have to call them, I am going to have to call them.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources presentsub_98]\u0646\u0627\u0686\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0628\u0632\u0646\u0645[\/tag]
\nn\u0101c\u0101ram be \u0101n h\u0101 telefon bezanam<\/em>
\n\u201cI am obligated to call them, I have to call them, I am going to have to call them.\u201d<\/h5>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The subjunctive tense has to do with elements of doubt, tentativeness, uncertainty, and vagueness. These characteristics make the subjunctive tense stand in contrast with such tenses as the indicative or the imperative. We will first begin with the general present subjunctive, and continue with past and perfect forms. Unlike Persian, French, and some other languages, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":289,"featured_media":0,"parent":46,"menu_order":16,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-118","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/118","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/289"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=118"}],"version-history":[{"count":61,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/118\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3290,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/118\/revisions\/3290"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/46"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=118"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}