{"id":120,"date":"2008-07-03T12:38:56","date_gmt":"2008-07-03T17:38:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/?page_id=120"},"modified":"2009-04-22T15:44:45","modified_gmt":"2009-04-22T21:44:45","slug":"subjunctive-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/verbs\/subjunctive-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Past Subjunctive"},"content":{"rendered":"

As we saw in the discussion regarding the Present Subjunctive<\/a>, under normal circumstances the subjunctive has to do with elements of doubt, tentativeness, uncertainty, and vagueness. Also see the Perfect Subjunctive<\/a> for additional explanation.<\/p>\n

Unlike English, in Persian the past subjunctive<\/strong> is divided into two categories: simple past, and past continuous, depending on the tense of the primary verb.<\/p>\n

There are two sets of construction for the past subjunctive:<\/p>\n

When the modal verbs \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f b\u0101yad <\/em>\u2018must, should\u2019 and \u0634\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0161\u0101yad <\/em>\u2018perhaps, maybe,\u2019 and the conjunction \u0627\u06af\u0631 agar<\/em> \u2018if\u2019 are used, the verb used is a conjugated past progressive. Compare the following pairs:<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_01]\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645[\/tag]
\nb\u0101yad be \u0101nj\u0101 beravam <\/em>
\n\u201cI have to go there.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources pastsub_02]\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag]
\nb\u0101yad be \u0101nj\u0101 miraftam <\/em>
\n\u201cI had to go there.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources pastsub_03]\u0634\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645[\/tag]
\n\u0161\u0101yad be \u0101nj\u0101 beravam<\/em>
\n\u201cMaybe I go there, I may go there.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_04]\u0634\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag]
\n\u0161\u0101yad be \u0101nj\u0101 miraftam <\/em>
\n\u201cPerhaps I would have gone there.\u201d<\/h5>\n

Notice the difference between Persian and English in the second sentence, past tense.<\/p>\n

In the case of \u0627\u06af\u0631 both primary and secondary verbs correspond in tense:<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_05]\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u0622\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]
\nagar be \u0101nj\u0101 beravi, u ham mi \u0101yad <\/em>
\n\u201cIf you go there, he\/she would go too.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_06]\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u062f[\/tag]
\nagar be \u0101nj\u0101 mirafti, u ham mi \u0101mad <\/em>
\n\u201cIf you had gone there, he\/she would have gone too.\u201d<\/h5>\n

Notice the difference between Persian and English in the second sentence, past tense.<\/p>\n

Although historically the word \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a b\u0101yest<\/em> is the past stem as well as the third person singular past tense of the verb \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646 b\u0101yestan \u2018to be imperative,\u2019 and \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f b\u0101yad<\/em> is the third person singular in the present tense, in New Persian,[tag resources pastsub_11]\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]b\u0101yad<\/em> ,[tag resources pastsub_10]\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a[\/tag]b\u0101yest<\/em>,[tag resources pastsub_09]\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]mib\u0101yad<\/em>,[tag resources pastsub_08]\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a[\/tag]mib\u0101yest<\/em>,[tag resources pastsub_07]\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc[\/tag]b\u0101yesti<\/em>,and[tag resources pastsub_12] \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc [\/tag]mib\u0101yesti<\/em>all mean \u2018must, it is mandatory.\u2019 In the construction of any tense in the subjunctive, these words stay constant and always remain in the third person singular:<\/p>\n

Present:<\/p>\n

\n[tag resources pastsub_13]\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645[\/tag]
\nb\u0101yad beravam, b\u0101yest beravam, mib\u0101yad beravam, mib\u0101yest beravam, mib\u0101yesti beravam<\/em>
\n\u201cI must go, have to go, am going to have to go.\u201d<\/h5>\n

Past:<\/p>\n

\n[tag resources pastsub_14]\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag]
\nb\u0101yad miraftam, b\u0101yest miraftam, mib\u0101yad miraftam, b\u0101yesti miraftam, mib\u0101yesti miraftam<\/em>
\n\u201cI had to go, I was bound to go; I should have gone.\u201d<\/h5>\n

With all other primary verbs, the subjunctive is invariably in the present tense, while the primary verb sets the tense\u2014simple past, past progressive, past perfect, etc. The difference between the simple and continuous past is in their duration; and, of course, the continuous takes the \u0645\u06cc prefix. In the following example, compare the present and past tense:<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_15]\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645[\/tag]
\nmi x\u0101ham be \u0101nj\u0101 beravam <\/em>
\n\u201cI want to go there.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_16]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645[\/tag]
\nmi x\u0101stam be \u0101nj\u0101 beravam<\/em>
\n\u201cI wanted\/wished to go there.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_17]\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645[\/tag]
\nmi x\u0101stam be \u0101nj\u0101 beravam <\/em>
\n\u201cI wanted (as in \u201cwas determined, it was my wish\u201d) to go there.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_18]\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645[\/tag]
\nhami\u0161e x\u0101ste am be \u0101nj\u0101 beravam <\/em>
\n\u201cI have always wanted to go there.\u201d<\/h5>\n

Now do the same in the following example:<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_19]\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc[\/tag]
\nmi tav\u0101ni emruz \u0101n r\u0101 bebini <\/em>
\n\u201cYou can\/may see it today.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_20]\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc[\/tag]
\ndiruz mi tav\u0101nesti \u0101n r\u0101 bebini <\/em>
\n\u201cYou could see it yesterday.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_21]\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u061f[\/tag]
\ndiruz tav\u0101nesti \u0101n r\u0101 bebini? <\/em>
\n\u201cWere you able to see it yesterday?\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_22]\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc[\/tag]
\nmi tav\u0101ni fard\u0101 \u0101n r\u0101 bebini<\/em>
\n\u201cYou can\/may see it tomorrow.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_23]\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc[\/tag]
\nmi tav\u0101nesti diruz \u0101n r\u0101 b\u0101\u0161i <\/em>
\n\u201cYou could have seen it yesterday.\u201d<\/h5>\n

To understand the difference between the simple past and past progressive, or continuous, subjunctive in Persian, compare the English translations of the following sentences:<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_24]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645 (\u06a9\u0647) \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0645[\/tag]
\nraftam (ke) u r\u0101 bebinam <\/em>
\n\u201cI went to see him\/her.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_25]\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645 (\u06a9\u0647) \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0645[\/tag]
\nmi raftam (ke) u r\u0101 bebinam <\/em>
\n\u201cI was going to see him\/her; I used to go to see him\/her.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_26]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645 (\u06a9\u0647) \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0645[\/tag]
\nx\u0101stam (ke) u r\u0101 bebinam <\/em>
\n\u201cI asked to see him\/her.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_27]\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645 (\u06a9\u0647) \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0645[\/tag]
\nmi x\u0101stam (ke) u r\u0101 bebinam<\/em>
\n\u201cI wanted\/was willing to see him\/her, it was my (strong) wish to see him\/her.\u201d<\/h5>\n

The English \u201cyou could have seen it\u2026\u201d is discussed in the section on Perfect Subjunctive<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Here are some examples to look at. Notice the different tenses of the main verb:<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_28]\u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]
\nmeyl d\u0101\u0161tam u ham biy\u0101yad <\/em>
\n\u201cI really liked him\/her to come too.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_29]\u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f[\/tag]
\nfekr mi kardam u ham \u0101nj\u0101 b\u0101\u0161ad <\/em>
\n\u201cI thought he\/she would be there too.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_30]\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u061f[\/tag]
\nmi x\u0101sti in r\u0101 ham be\u0161navi? <\/em>
\n\u201cDid you want to hear\/listen to this one too?\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_31]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f (\u06a9\u0647) \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]
\nx\u0101stand (ke) man ham cizi beguyam <\/em>
\n\u201cThey asked me to say something too, they wanted me to say something too.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_32]\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0634\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f[\/tag]
\ndonb\u0101l-e kasi mi ga\u0161t ke f\u0101rsi balad b\u0101\u0161ad <\/em>
\n\u201cShe\/he was looking for someone who knew English.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_33]\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u06af\u0634\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f[\/tag]
\ndonb\u0101l-e kasi ga\u0161t ke f\u0101rsi balad b\u0101\u0161ad <\/em>
\n\u201cShe\/he looked for someone who would\/might know English.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_34]\u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f[\/tag]
\n\u0101nj\u0101 cizi nad\u0101\u0161tand ke be k\u0101r-e u bexorad <\/em>
\n\u201cThey did not have anything there that would\/could be of any use to him.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_35]\u0633\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0646\u0648\u0645[\/tag]
\nsa\u2019y kardam sed\u0101ya\u0161 r\u0101 be\u0161navam <\/em>
\n\u201cI tried to hear his\/her voice.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_36]\u06a9\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f[\/tag]
\nku\u0161e\u0161 kardan ke \u0161om\u0101 r\u0101 peyd\u0101 konand <\/em>
\n\u201cThey tried to find you.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_37] \u0622\u06cc\u0627) \u0645\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u061f)[\/tag]
\n(\u0101y\u0101) majbur budi u r\u0101 bebini? <\/em>
\n\u201cDid you (really) have to see her\/him?\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_38]\u0646\u0627\u0686\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0632\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f[\/tag]
\nn\u0101c\u0101r bud zud tar beravad <\/em>
\n\u201cHe had to leave soon(er).\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_39]\u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0645 (\u06a9\u0647) \u067e\u062f\u0631\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0645[\/tag]
\n\u0101made budam (ke) pedaram r\u0101 bebinam <\/em>
\n\u201cI was there to see my father.\u201d
\n[tag resources pastsub_40]\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062f (\u06a9\u0647) \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]
\nmosammam bud (ke) biy\u0101yad <\/em>
\n\u201cHe was determined to come.\u201d<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastsub_41]\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f (\u06a9\u0647) \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]
\nmosammam \u0161ode bud (ke) biy\u0101yad <\/em>
\n\u201cHe had been determined to come.\u201d<\/h5>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

As we saw in the discussion regarding the Present Subjunctive, under normal circumstances the subjunctive has to do with elements of doubt, tentativeness, uncertainty, and vagueness. Also see the Perfect Subjunctive for additional explanation. Unlike English, in Persian the past subjunctive is divided into two categories: simple past, and past continuous, depending on the tense […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":289,"featured_media":0,"parent":46,"menu_order":17,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-120","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/120","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/289"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=120"}],"version-history":[{"count":39,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/120\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3656,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/120\/revisions\/3656"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/46"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=120"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}