{"id":140,"date":"2008-07-03T14:04:41","date_gmt":"2008-07-03T19:04:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/?page_id=140"},"modified":"2009-06-26T12:53:04","modified_gmt":"2009-06-26T18:53:04","slug":"scentence-structure-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/sentence-structure\/scentence-structure-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Complex Sentences"},"content":{"rendered":"

Under normal circumstances the verb is always placed at the end<\/em> of the sentence<\/a>.<\/p>\n

However, more complex sentences<\/strong> may be constructed according to the following structure:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
verb<\/strong><\/td>\nplace<\/strong><\/td>\npreposition<\/strong><\/td>\ntime<\/strong><\/td>\nsubject<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[tag resources Sentence_Structure-21a]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n[tag resources Sentence_Structure-21b]\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0645\u0627[\/tag]<\/td>\n[tag resources Sentence_Structure-21c]\u0628\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\n[tag resources Sentence_Structure-21d]\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0632[\/tag]<\/td>\n[tag resources Sentence_Structure-21e]\u0645\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
went<\/td>\nmovie theater<\/td>\nto<\/td>\nyesterday<\/td>\nI<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
[tag resources Sentence_Structure-39a]\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag]
\nman diruz be sinam\u0101 raftam<\/em>
\n“I went to movies yesterday.”<\/h5>\n

The very first important rule in Persian is that the verb normally comes at the end of the sentence (especially in the written material).<\/p>\n

In colloquial Persian, however, it is very normal to move the verb and bring it closer to the subject of the sentence (pretty much like in English); that is to say, instead of [tag resources Sentence_Structure-32a]\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag] man be sinam\u0101 raftam<\/em> \u2018I went to a movie\u2019, it is very common to say, [tag resources Sentence_Structure-32b]\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0645\u0627[\/tag] man raftam sinam\u0101<\/em> (as we can see, even the preposition be<\/em> has been elided. This is discussed further in the diglossia<\/em> section, which deals with the colloquial rules).<\/p>\n

Also in certain affirmative emphatic cases the verb may be moved and placed between a noun and its modifier:<\/p>\n

[tag resources masentstruct01]\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0645\u0646\u062f[\/tag]
\nebn-e sin\u0101 mardi<\/em>st<\/strong> d\u0101ne\u0161mand<\/em>
\n\u2018Avicenna is a knowledgeable man.”<\/p>\n

[tag resources Sentence_Structure-36a]\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af[\/tag]
\nlos \u0101ngeles \u0161ahri<\/em>st<\/strong> besiy\u0101r bozorg<\/em>
\n“Los Angeles is a very large city.”<\/h5>\n

The subject and the element(s) of time may spontaneously switch places; i.e.:<\/p>\n

[tag resources Sentence_Structure-39a]\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag]
\nman diruz be sinam\u0101 raftam<\/em>
\n“Yesterday I went to see a movie.”<\/p>\n

[tag resources Sentence_Structure-39b]\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag]
\ndiruz man be sinam\u0101 raftam<\/em>
\n“I went to see a movie yesterday.”<\/h5>\n

If there is more than one person as the subject of the sentence, still the element of time may come before or after the cluster, according to the wish of the speaker\/author:<\/p>\n

[tag resources Sentence_Structure-44a]\u0645\u0646 \u0648 \u067e\u062f\u0631\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u0645[\/tag] ~ [tag resources Sentence_Structure-44b]\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0648 \u067e\u062f\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]
\ndiruz man va pedaram be sinam\u0101 raftim<\/em> ~ man va pedaram diruz be sinam\u0101 raftim<\/em>
\n“Yesterday my father and I went to a movie.” ~ “My father and I went to a movie yesterday.”<\/h5>\n

Unlike English, when, in addition to the narrator, there are one or more subjects in the sentence, there is no hierarchical priority between the narrator and the other noun(s). That is to say, there is no preference for starting the sentence with the narrator or any of the other nouns (and putting the narrator at the end). Therefore, my father and I\u2026<\/em>, or I and my father\u2026<\/em> are both permissible. In the two examples in section \u201ce<\/strong>\u201d, we may have one of the two following forms:<\/p>\n

[tag resources masentstruct02]\u0645\u0646 \u0648 \u067e\u062f\u0631\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u0645[\/tag] or [tag resources masentstruct03]\u067e\u062f\u0631\u0645 \u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/h5>\n

If there is an element of place<\/em> in the sentence, normally it immediately precedes the verb (that is, at the end of the sentence). However, if in regards with that element of place there are more explanations and some grammatical elements (such as an attributive adjective, etc.) are present, they may intervene between the element of place and the verb:<\/p>\n

[tag resources Sentence_Structure-49a].\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0654 \u067e\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0631\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]
\ndiruz man va bar\u0101daram be x\u0101ne-ye pedar bozorgem\u0101n, ke dar b\u0101z\u0101r-e mesgar\u0101n ast, raftim<\/em>
\n“Yesterday my brother and I went to our grandfather\u2019s house, which is in the coppersmiths\u2019 quarters.”<\/h5>\n

In this sentence the parenthetical clause …\u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a “which is in the coppersmiths’ quarter…”, which provides extra information about the noun house<\/em> as the element of place<\/em>, intervenes between this noun and the verb. (It must be understood that the segment \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0654 \u067e\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/span> x\u0101ne-ye pedar bozorgem\u0101n<\/em> \u2018our grandfather\u2019 house\u2019 as a whole represents the element of place.)<\/p>\n

Additional grammatical elements may consist of a preposition, the object of the sentence, an adverbial phrase, or a combination of several grammatical features, which could make a sentence more and more complex.<\/p>\n

Compare and contrast the following sentences:<\/p>\n

[tag resources Sentence_Structure-54a].\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag]
\nman diruz bar\u0101-ye didan-e yek film be sinam\u0101 raftam<\/em>
\n\u2018Yesterday I went to see a movie.\u2019 (literally, \u2018I went to a movie theater for seeing (= in order to see) a movie.\u2019)<\/p>\n

[tag resources Sentence_Structure-55a].\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag]
\nman diruz b\u0101 x\u0101haram be sinam\u0101 raftam<\/em>
\n\u2018Yesterday I went to a movie with my sister.\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources Sentence_Structure-56a].\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag]
\nman diruz b\u0101 x\u0101haram bar\u0101-ye didan-e yek film be sinam\u0101 raftam<\/em>
\n\u2018Yesterday I went to see a movie with my sister.\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources Sentence_Structure-57a].\u0645\u0646 \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]
\nman va x\u0101haram diruz bar\u0101-ye didan-e yek film be sinam\u0101 raftim<\/em>
\n“My sister and I went to see a movie yesterday.”<\/p>\n

[tag resources Sentence_Structure-59a]\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647\u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u0645.\u0632<\/span>[\/tag]
\ndiruz man va x\u0101haram bar\u0101-ye didan-e yek film-e xeyli ma\u2019ruf, be sinam\u0101-yi ke besiy\u0101r zib\u0101 bud, raftim<\/em>
\n“To see a very well-known (famous) movie, yesterday my sister and I went to a theater, which was very beautiful.”<\/p>\n

[tag resources Sentence_Structure-63a].\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nin mard mo\u2019allem-e m\u0101st<\/em>
\n“This man is our teacher.”<\/p>\n

[tag resources Sentence_Structure-65a].\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u062a[\/tag]
\nbar\u0101dar-e man b\u0101 m\u0101darem\u0101n be ir\u0101n raft<\/em>
\n“My brother went to Iran with our mother.”<\/p>\n

[tag resources Sentence_Structure-68a].\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0654 \u0645\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nx\u0101ne-ye m\u0101 xeyli bozorg ast<\/em>
\n“Our house is very large\/big.”<\/p>\n

[tag resources Sentence_Structure-70a].\u0645\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0645[\/tag]
\nman yek x\u0101har-e bozorgtar d\u0101ram<\/em>
\n“I have an older sister.”<\/p>\n

[tag resources Sentence_Structure-72a].\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nin madrese yeki az behtarin mad\u0101res-e \u0101mrik\u0101 ast<\/em> (\u0101mrik\u0101st<\/em>)
\n“This school is one of the best among the American schools.”<\/h5>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Under normal circumstances the verb is always placed at the end of the sentence. However, more complex sentences may be constructed according to the following structure: verb place preposition time subject [tag resources Sentence_Structure-21a]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag] [tag resources Sentence_Structure-21b]\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0645\u0627[\/tag] [tag resources Sentence_Structure-21c]\u0628\u0647[\/tag] [tag resources Sentence_Structure-21d]\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0632[\/tag] [tag resources Sentence_Structure-21e]\u0645\u0646[\/tag] went movie theater to yesterday I [tag resources Sentence_Structure-39a]\u0645\u0646 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":289,"featured_media":0,"parent":50,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-140","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/140","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/289"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=140"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/140\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4449,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/140\/revisions\/4449"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/50"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=140"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}