{"id":141,"date":"2008-07-03T14:05:33","date_gmt":"2008-07-03T19:05:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/?page_id=141"},"modified":"2009-04-16T14:15:37","modified_gmt":"2009-04-16T20:15:37","slug":"scentence-types","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/sentence-structure\/scentence-types\/","title":{"rendered":"Sentence Types"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Basically there are three types of sentences: <strong>indicative<\/strong>, <\/strong>negative<\/strong>, and <strong>interrogative<\/strong>.  The relationship between affirmative and negative sentences is grammatically referred to as <strong>polarity<\/strong>.  (In English, syntactically, <strong>no<\/strong>; morphologically, <strong>happy<\/strong> vs. <strong>unhappy<\/strong>; and lexically, <strong>high<\/strong> vs. <strong>low<\/strong> represent polarity.<\/p>\n<p>Indicative (also referred to as <strong>declarative<\/strong>, sometimes, <strong>affirmative<\/strong>):<\/p>\n<h5>\n[tag resources sentencetypes_01a]\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f [\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>sara qalam d\u0101rad<\/em><br \/>\n\u2018Sara has (a) pen.\u2019<br \/>\n<\/h5>\n<p>The Negative is constructed by prefixing the verb with \u0646\u0640; as in, \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u2192 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0645:<\/p>\n<h5>\n[tag resources sentencetypes_02a] \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f[\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>sara qalam nad\u0101rad<\/em><br \/>\n\u2018Sara does not have (a) pen.\u2019<br \/>\n<\/h5>\n<p>Before <em>ast<\/em> \u2018is\u2019 and <em>hast<\/em> \u2018it is; it exists\u2019 \u0646\u0640 becomes \u0646\u06cc\u0640 and the <em>alef<\/em> of <em>ast<\/em> and the \/<em>h<\/em>\/ of <em>hast<\/em> are contracted, hence, both become \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u2018is not\u2019:<\/p>\n<h5>\n[tag resources sentencetypes_03]  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a [\/tag] <em> in xub nist<\/em> \u2018This is not good.\u2019 \u2190[tag resources sentencetypes_04] \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a [\/tag] <em> in xub ast <\/em>\u2018This is good.\u2019<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources sentencetypes_05]  \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 [\/tag] <em> xub nistam <\/em> \u2018I am not fine\/good.\u2019 \u2190[tag resources sentencetypes_06] \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0645 [\/tag] <em> xub hastam <\/em> \u2018I am fine\/good.\u2019<br \/>\n<\/h5>\n<p>Interrogative:<\/p>\n<p>In Persian, the interrogative and indicative sentences are constructed the same.  It is only through the intonation and articulation that the listener recognizes a sentence as being an indicative or interrogative. (In English the word order changes.) <\/p>\n<h5>\n[tag resources sentencetypes_07] \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u061f [\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>sara qalam d\u0101rad? <\/em><br \/>\n\u2018Does Sara have a pen?\u2019<br \/>\n<\/h5>\n<p>In the <em>indicative<\/em>, the tone falls at the end of the sentence, while in the <strong>interrogative<\/strong>, it rises.  If one of the interrogative pronouns (who, what, when, where, why, which, how) is present, it takes the stress, and, like the indicative, the voice inflection falls at the end of the sentence.  Compare the following two sentences:<\/p>\n<h5>\n[tag resources sentencetypes_08]. \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f [\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>sara qalam d\u0101rad.<\/em><br \/>\n\u2018Sara has a pen\/some pens.\u2019<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources sentencetypes_09] \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u061f [\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>sara qalam d\u0101rad? <\/em><br \/>\n\u2018Does Sara have a pen\/some pens?\u2019<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources sentencetypes_10]\u06a9\u06cc \u0642\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u061f [\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>ki qalam d\u0101rad? <\/em><br \/>\n\u2018Who has a pen?\u2019<br \/>\n<\/h5>\n<p>With the rise of the voice inflection falling on any of the grammatical units the meaning of the sentence changes. Compare the following sentences:<\/p>\n<h5>\n[tag resources sentencetypes_01] \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u061f [\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>sara qalam d\u0101rad? <\/em><br \/>\n\u2018<em>Sara<\/em> has a pen? (Never! She is not the type!)\u2019<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources sentencetypes_12] \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u061f [\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>sara qalam d\u0101rad? <\/em><br \/>\n\u2018Sara has a <em>pen<\/em>? (I believe she only has a pencil.)\u2019<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources sentencetypes_13] \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u061f [\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>sara qalam d\u0101rad? <\/em><br \/>\n\u2018[Are you sure that] Sara has a pen? (She usually doesn\u2019t.)\u2019<\/p>\n<\/h5>\n<p>In formal Persian (and occasionally in colloquial Persian) sometimes an interrogative sentence begins with the interrogative particle \u0622\u06cc\u0627.  This prepares the listener:<\/p>\n<h5>\n[tag resources sentencetypes_14] \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u061f[\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>\u0101y\u0101 sara qalam d\u0101rad? <\/em><br \/>\n<\/h5>\n<p>The syntactic function of \u0622\u06cc\u0627 is very close the \u201ctell me\u201d in the sentence, \u201cTell me, are you really happy?\u201d which is a sentence opener that prepares the listener for a question to be posed.<\/p>\n<p>To sum up, an interrogative sentence may be indicated by (1) the intonation, (2) by the prepositional particle \u0622\u06cc\u0627, or (3) by using one of the interrogative pronouns:<\/p>\n<h5>\n[tag resources sentencetypes_02] \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc [\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>ket\u0101b r\u0101 x\u0101ndi<\/em><br \/>\n\u2018You read the book.\u2019 <em>Indicative<\/em>,<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources sentencetypes_16] \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u061f [\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>ket\u0101b r\u0101 x\u0101ndi?<\/em><br \/>\n\u2018Did you read the book?\u2019 <em>Interrogative<\/em>,<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources sentencetypes_17] \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u061f [\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>\u0101y\u0101 ket\u0101b r\u0101 x\u0101ndi?<\/em><br \/>\n\u2018Did you read the book?\u2019 <em>Interrogative<\/em>,<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources sentencetypes_18] \u06a9\u0650\u06cc \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u061f [\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>key ket\u0101b r\u0101 x\u0101ndi?<\/em><br \/>\n\u2018When did you read the book?\u2019 <em>Interrogative<\/em>,<br \/>\n<\/h5>\n<p>In the last sentence, the interrogative pronoun takes the stress, and, like the indicative, the voice inflection falls at the end of the sentence, while it rises in the other two interrogative sentences.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Basically there are three types of sentences: indicative, negative, and interrogative. The relationship between affirmative and negative sentences is grammatically referred to as polarity. (In English, syntactically, no; morphologically, happy vs. unhappy; and lexically, high vs. low represent polarity. Indicative (also referred to as declarative, sometimes, affirmative): [tag resources sentencetypes_01a]\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f [\/tag] sara qalam [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":289,"featured_media":0,"parent":50,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-141","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/141","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/289"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=141"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/141\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3561,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/141\/revisions\/3561"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/50"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=141"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}