{"id":144,"date":"2008-07-03T14:19:31","date_gmt":"2008-07-03T19:19:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/?page_id=144"},"modified":"2009-04-13T21:40:47","modified_gmt":"2009-04-14T03:40:47","slug":"diglossia","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/language-specific-grammar\/diglossia\/","title":{"rendered":"What is Diglossia?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Diglossia<\/strong> is the occurrence of two distinct varieties of a language. For instance, the most common is a \u201chigh\u201d variety, which is taught at school, used in the media, at church, and at scholarly gatherings, and a \u201clow\u201d variety, which is used in informal settings, such as friendly conversations or at home. However, the definition does not stop here. In some languages, such as Persian and Arabic, the difference between the classical or written<\/strong> and the spoken <\/strong>variations may be considered a form of diglossia. In this site, we often refer to diglossia as formal<\/strong> or informal or colloquial.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Diglossia<\/strong> in Persian has certain basic rules. Some of these rules are observed by almost all speakers, while others are used in different levels, depending on who the speaker is. First, consider:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\/\u0101n\/<\/em><\/td>\n ><\/td>\n \/un\/<\/em> <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\/\u0101m\/<\/em><\/td>\n > <\/td>\n \/um\/ <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

As a general feature in Persian, also shared by many other Iranian dialects, in most cases an \/\u0101\/<\/em> followed by the alveolar nasal \/n\/<\/em> becomes a long \/u\/<\/em> ([\u0101n] <\/em>> [un]<\/em>):<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
house, home<\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia01001]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647[\/tag]
\nx\u0101ne<\/em><\/td>\n		[tag resources diglossia01002] \u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647[\/tag]
\nxune<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tehran<\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia01003]\u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646[\/tag]
\ntehr\u0101n<\/em><\/td>\n		[tag resources diglossia01004]\u062a\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646[\/tag]
\nte:run<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
bread<\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia01005] \u0646\u0627\u0646[\/tag]
\nn\u0101n<\/em><\/td>\n		[tag resources diglossia01006]\u0646\u0648\u0646[\/tag]
\nnun<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
that, it<\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia01007] \u0622\u0646[\/tag]
\n\u0101n<\/em><\/td>\n		[tag resources diglossia01008] \u0627\u0648\u0646 [\/tag]
\nun<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
bow<\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia01009]\u06a9\u0645\u0627\u0646 [\/tag]
\nkam\u0101n<\/em><\/td>\n		[tag resources diglossia01010]\u06a9\u0645\u0648\u0646 [\/tag]
\nkamun<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
belonging or pertaining to women, feminine<\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia01011] \u0632\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0647 [\/tag]
\nzan\u0101ne<\/em><\/td>\n		[tag resources diglossia01012]\u0632\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647 [\/tag]
\nzanune<\/em>;
\nsuch as [tag resources diglossia01013] \u06a9\u0641\u0634 \u0632\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647 [\/tag]
\nkaf\u0161e zanune<\/em>
\n ‘women\u2019s shoe(s)’<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In a limited number of words \/\u0101\/<\/em> before the bilabial nasal \/m\/ <\/em>also becomes \/u\/<\/em>, such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
bath<\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia01020]\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0645 [\/tag]
\nhamm\u0101m<\/em><\/td>\n		[tag resources diglossia01021]\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0648\u0645 [\/tag]
\nhamum<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
finished, ended<\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia01022] \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645[\/tag]
\ntam\u0101m<\/em><\/td>\n		[tag resources diglossia01023]\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0645 [\/tag]
\ntamum<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
to come<\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia01024]\u0622\u0645\u062f\u0646 [\/tag]
\n\u0101madan<\/em><\/td>\n		[tag resources diglossia01025] \u0627\u0648\u0645\u062f\u0646[\/tag]
\numadan<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
cupping, phlebotomy<\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia01026] \u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645\u062a[\/tag]
\nhaj\u0101mat<\/em><\/td>\n		[tag resources diglossia01027]\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0645\u062a [\/tag]
\nhajumat<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Diglossia is the occurrence of two distinct varieties of a language. For instance, the most common is a \u201chigh\u201d variety, which is taught at school, used in the media, at church, and at scholarly gatherings, and a \u201clow\u201d variety, which is used in informal settings, such as friendly conversations or at home. However, the definition […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":289,"featured_media":0,"parent":51,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-144","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/144","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/289"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=144"}],"version-history":[{"count":38,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/144\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3468,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/144\/revisions\/3468"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/51"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=144"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}