{"id":145,"date":"2008-07-03T14:20:11","date_gmt":"2008-07-03T19:20:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/?page_id=145"},"modified":"2009-05-14T17:15:07","modified_gmt":"2009-05-14T23:15:07","slug":"diglossia-readings","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/language-specific-grammar\/diglossia-readings\/","title":{"rendered":"Diglossia Rules"},"content":{"rendered":"

Generally speaking, the diglossia rules<\/strong> of Persian are inconsistent and only implemented to some extent. Still, it is very useful to learn them, particularly when listening to native speakers with varying dialects.<\/p>\n

Here in the following pages are gathered 10 sets of basic rules<\/strong>, in no particular order.<\/p>\n

Let’s begin with some basic phonemic consonant<\/strong><\/a> changes:<\/p>\n

In the [st<\/em>] and [zd<\/em>] clusters the alveolar plosives are assimilated into the preceding alveolar fricatives, as [s<\/em>] ([ss<\/em>] before a vowel) and [z<\/em>] ([zz<\/em>] before a vowel):<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
hand<\/td>\ndast<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia02001]\u062f\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/p>\ndas<\/em>; followed by a vowel dass-am<\/em> \u2018my hand\u2019<\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia02002]\u062f\u0633[\/tag]
\n<\/tr>\n
ice cream<\/td>\nbastani<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia02004]\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0646\u06cc[\/tag]<\/p>\nbassani<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia02005]\u0628\u0633\u0646\u06cc[\/tag]
\n<\/tr>\n
transitive verb<\/em>, intransitive verb<\/em>, to break<\/td>\n\u0161ekastan<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia02006]\u0634\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0646[\/tag]<\/p>\n\u0161ekassan<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia02007]\u0634\u06a9\u0633\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
tired<\/td>\nxaste<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia02008]\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\nxasse<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia02009]\u062e\u0633\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
pistachio<\/td>\npeste<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia02010]\u067e\u0633\u062a\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\npesse<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia02011]\u067e\u0633\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Where is he, she, it?<\/td>\nkoj\u0101st<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia02012]\u06a9\u062c\u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\nkoj\u0101s<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia02013]\u06a9\u062c\u0627\u0633[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
thief, robber<\/td>\ndozd<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia02014]\u062f\u0632\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\ndoz<\/em> followed by a vowel
\n dozz\u0101<\/em> \u2018(the)thieves\u2019<\/td>\n		[tag resources diglossia02015]\u062f\u064f\u0632[\/tag]
\n [tag resources diglossia02016]\u062f\u0632\u0627[\/tag] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
thirteen<\/td>\nsizdah<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia02017] \u0633\u06cc\u0632\u062f\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\nsizza<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia02018]\u0633\u06cc\u0632\u064e [\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The [n<\/em>] in an [nb<\/em>] cluster is invariably pronounced as [m<\/em>] (that is, [nb<\/em>] becomes [mb<\/em>]); this is in the anticipation of the following bilabial:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Saturday<\/td>\n\u0161anbe<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia03001]\u0634\u0646\u0628\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\n\u0161ambe<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
tail-fat<\/td>\ndonbe<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia03002]\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\ndombe<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
storage (room\/space)<\/td>\nanb\u0101r<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia03003]\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0631[\/tag]<\/td>\namb\u0101r<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
behind, after<\/td>\ndonb\u0101l<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia03004]\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644[\/tag]<\/td>\ndomb\u0101l<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
intransitive verb<\/em>, to move, wag<\/td>\njonbidan<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia03005]\u062c\u0646\u0628\u06cc\u062f\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\njombidan<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
movement<\/td>\njonbe\u0161<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia03006]\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0634[\/tag]<\/td>\njombe\u0161<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In certain instances the [b<\/em>] of [-mb<\/em>] cluster (from [-nb<\/em>]) disappears in final position:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
tail<\/td>\ndonb<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia03007a]\u062f\u0646\u0628[\/tag]<\/td>\ndomb<\/em><\/td>\ndom<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia03007]\u062f\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
a large earthen jar<\/td>\nxonb<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia03008a]\u062e\u0646\u0628[\/tag]<\/td>\nxomb<\/em><\/td>\nxom<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia03008]\u062e\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
hoof<\/td>\nsonb<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia03009a]\u0633\u064f\u0646\u0628[\/tag]<\/td>\nsomb<\/em><\/td>\nsom<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia03009]\u0633\u064f\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Only in the following words the final [-ar<\/em>] becomes [-e<\/em>]:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
if<\/td>\nagar<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia04001]\u0627\u06af\u0631[\/tag]<\/td>\nage<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia04002]\u0627\u06af\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
the other; not any more, no more<\/td>\ndigar<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia04003]\u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631[\/tag]<\/td>\ndige<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia04004]\u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(does not exist in English as a single particle)<\/td>\nmagar<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia04005]\u0645\u06af\u0631[\/tag]<\/td>\nmage<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia04006]\u0645\u06af\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The particles digar<\/em><\/a> and magar<\/em><\/a> have many syntactic functions. See the sections on these particles.
\n<\/p>\n

When a word with a final [-e<\/em>] is followed by any of the personal possessive endings<\/strong><\/a> and also by ast<\/em> \u2018is,\u2019 it is assimilated into the following \/a<\/em>\/ vowel (which is the initial sound of the personal suffix); for example (note the displacement of the stress):<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
my house<\/td>\nx\u0101ne|<\/sup>-am<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia05001] \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\/\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0645 [\/tag]<\/td>\nxuna|<\/sup>m<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia05002]\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
your child<\/td>\nba\u010d\u010de|<\/sup>-at<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia05003]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647\/\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\nba\u010d\u010d|<\/sup>at<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia05004]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
his\/her maternal aunt<\/td>\nx\u0101le|<\/sup>-a\u0161 <\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia05005]\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0647\/\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0634[\/tag]<\/td>\nx\u0101la|<\/sup>\u0161<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia05006]\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0634[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
our group, team<\/td>\ndaste|<\/sup>-am\u0101n<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia05007] \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0647\/ \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\ndassa|<\/sup>mun<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia05008] \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
your package, bundle<\/td>\nbaste|<\/sup>-at\u0101n<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia05009]\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647\/ \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\nbassa|<\/sup>tun<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia05010]\u0628\u0633\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
their lane, street<\/td>\nku\u010de|<\/sup>-a\u0161\u0101n<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia05011] \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u0647\/\u06a9\u0648\u0686\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0646 [\/tag]<\/td>\nku\u010da|<\/sup>\u0161un<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia05012]\u06a9\u0648\u0686\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
he\/she is [at] home<\/td>\nu x\u0101ne|<\/sup> ast<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia05013]\u0627\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\nun xuna|<\/sup>s<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia05014]\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/p>\n

In the present perfect<\/strong>,<\/a> the participial ending [-e<\/em>] is assimilated into the initial \/a\/ vowel of the personal endings and the stress is removed from the participial ending and placed upon the vowel of the personal ending:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
I have gone.<\/td>\nrafte|<\/sup>-am<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia06001] \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nrafta|<\/sup>m<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia06002] \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
You have said.<\/td>\ngofe|<\/sup>-yi<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia06003]\u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\ngoft|<\/sup>i<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia06004]\u06af\u0641\u062a\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
He\/she\/it has seen.<\/td>\ndide|<\/sup>-ast<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia06005]\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\ndid|<\/sup>e<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia06006]\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
We have heard.<\/td>\n\u0161anide|<\/sup>-im<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia06007]\u0634\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n\u0161enidi|<\/sup>m<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia06008]\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
You have passed.<\/td>\ngoza\u0161te|<\/sup>-id<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia06009]\u06af\u0630\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\ngoza\u0161ti|<\/sup>d<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia06010]\u06af\u0630\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
They have taken; they have won.<\/td>\nborde|<\/sup>-and<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia06011]\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\nborda|<\/sup>nd<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia06012]\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

With the exception of the third person singular and the placement of the stress, these colloquial forms resemble the simple past tense<\/strong><\/a>. Compare and contrast the following verbs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
I have gone<\/td>\nrafta|<\/sup>m<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia06013]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nI went<\/td>\nra|<\/sup>ftam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia06014]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
you have said<\/td>\ngoft|<\/sup>i<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia06015]\u06af\u0641\u062a\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\nyou said<\/td>\ngo|<\/sup>fti<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia06016]\u06af\u0641\u062a\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
he\/she\/it has seen<\/td>\ndid|<\/sup>e<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia06017]\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\nhe\/she\/it saw<\/td>\ndi|<\/sup>d<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia06018]\u062f\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
we have heard<\/td>\n\u0161anidi|<\/sup>m<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia06019]\u0634\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nwe heard<\/td>\n\u0161eni|<\/sup>dim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia06020]\u0634\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
you have passed.<\/td>\ngoz\u0101\u0161ti|<\/sup>d<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia06021]\u06af\u0630\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\npast, you passed<\/em><\/em><\/td>\ngoz\u0101|<\/sup>\u0161tid<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia06022]\u06af\u0630\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
they have taken; won<\/td>\nborda|<\/sup>nd<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia06023]\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\nthey took (away); they won<\/td>\nbo|<\/sup>rdand<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia06024]\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/p>\n

As is normal in Persian, a medial glottal is weakened and in many instances elided. This is the case with the plural suffix<\/strong> \u0647\u0627 h\u0101<\/em>, as well, as follows:<\/p>\n

After a consonant, we simply get [ \u0627 ] [-\u0101<\/em>]; for example:<\/p>\n

[tag resources diglossia07001] \u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0627[\/tag]ket\u0101b\u0101<\/em> from [tag resources diglossia07002]\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u0628 \u0647\u0627[\/tag]ket\u0101b h\u0101<\/em>
\n\u2018books\u2019
\n[tag resources diglossia07003]\u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627[\/tag]daftar\u0101<\/em> from [tag resources diglossia07004]\u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627 [\/tag]daftar h\u0101<\/em>
\n\u2018notebooks\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources diglossia07005]\u0686\u0634\u0645\u0627 [\/tag]\u010de\u0161m\u0101<\/em> from [tag resources diglossia07006]\u0686\u0634\u0645 \u0647\u0627[\/tag]\u010da\u0161m h\u0101<\/em>
\n\u2018eyes\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources diglossia07007]\u062f\u0633\u0627[\/tag]dass\u0101<\/em> from [tag resources diglossia07008]\u062f\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0627[\/tag]dast h\u0101<\/em>
\n\u2018hands, arms\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources diglossia07009]\u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627[\/tag]miz\u0101<\/em> from [tag resources diglossia07010]\u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0647\u0627[\/tag]miz h\u0101<\/em>
\n\u2018tables\u2019<\/h5>\n

After the vowels and the final silent \/h<\/em>\/ (which in reality represents a final short vowel [-e<\/em>] from an earlier [-a<\/em>]), the [-h<\/em>-] is not entirely elided, but weakened and a glide occurs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
children, kids<\/td>\nba\u010d\u010de h\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia07011]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0647\u0627[\/tag]<\/td>\nba\u010d\u010de\u0361\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia07012]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 (\u0647)\u0627[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
houses<\/td>\nx\u0101ne h\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia07013]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627[\/tag]<\/td>\nxune\u0361\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia07014]\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 (\u0647)\u0627[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
places<\/td>\nj\u0101 h\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia07015]\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627[\/tag]<\/td>\nj\u0101\u0361\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia07016]\u062c\u0627(\u0647)\u0627[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
hair<\/td>\nmu h\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia07017]\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627[\/tag]<\/td>\nmu\u0361\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia07018]\u0645\u0648(\u0647)\u0627[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
chairs<\/td>\nsandali h\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia07019]\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0644\u06cc \u0647\u0627[\/tag]<\/td>\nsandaliy\u0361\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia07020]\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0627[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/p>\n

In colloquial phonology<\/strong><\/a>, the final glottal (plosive or fricative) is normally dropped and compensated for by lengthening the preceding vowel (at least in conservative constructions):<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
ten<\/td>\ndah<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia08001]\u062f\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\nda:<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia08002]\u062f\u064e[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
village<\/td>\ndeh<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia08003]\u062f\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\nde:<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia08004]\u062f\u0650[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
moon, month<\/td>\nm\u0101h<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia08005]\u0645\u0627\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\nm\u0101:<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia08006]\u0645\u0627[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mountain<\/td>\nkuh<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia08007]\u06a9\u0648\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\nku:<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia08008]\u06a9\u0648[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
tallow, fat, lard<\/td>\npih<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia08009]\u067e\u06cc\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\npi:<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia08010]\u067e\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
members<\/td>\na’z\u0101’<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia08011] \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621[\/tag]<\/td>\na:z\u0101:<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia08012]\u0627\u0636\u0627[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mint<\/td>\nna’n\u0101’<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia08013]\u0646\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0639[\/tag]<\/td>\nna:n\u0101:<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia08014]\u0646\u0646\u0627[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/p>\n

Copulas<\/em><\/strong><\/a>. In dealing with the copulas, colloquial Persian has two sets, which are added to words as suffixes, as follows.<\/p>\n

The first set is used after consonants:<\/p>\n

After [-i<\/em>], with the exception of the first person singular and the third person singular and plural, an euphonic [\u06cc<\/span>] intervenes before the ending, and the three close fronts are glided upon:<\/p>\n

[tag resources diglossia09009]\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc[\/tag] iruni<\/em> \u2018Iranian\u2019:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
iruniyam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09010]\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\niruniyim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09011]\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u06cc\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
iruniyi<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09012]\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\niiruniyin<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09013]\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
iruniye<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09015]\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\niruniyan<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09022]\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Because of the cumbersome articulation, after [i<\/em>] usually Persian speakers prefer to use the long copula hast<\/em>– form with the second person singular and first person and second person plural, in which case the treatment is the same as in dealing with the terminal consonants:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
iruniam<\/em>(hassam<\/em>)<\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09017]\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645[\/tag] <\/td>\niruni hassim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09018]\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
iruni hsati<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09019]\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\niruni hassin<\/em>\/-id<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09020]\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
irunie<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09021]\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\nirunian<\/em>(hassan<\/em>)<\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09022]\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0646[\/tag] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n
–am<\/em><\/td>\n–im<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
–i<\/em><\/td>\n–in<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-e<\/em><\/td>\n-an<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u062e\u0648\u0628 xub<\/em> \u2018good, fine\u2019:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
xubam<\/em><\/td>\n\u062e\u0648\u0628\u0645<\/td>\nxubim<\/em><\/td>\n\u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
xubi<\/em><\/td>\n\u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc<\/td>\nxubin<\/em><\/td>\n\u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
xube<\/em><\/td>\n\u062e\u0648\u0628\u0647<\/td>\nxuban<\/em><\/td>\n\u062e\u0648\u0628\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The first set is used after consonants:<\/p>\n

The only terminal short vowel in Persian is [-e<\/em>], which represents a classical [-a<\/em>] (in most cases from a Middle Persian [-ag<\/em>] suffix). In the case of the vowels the following must be considered:<\/p>\n

With a terminal short vowel <\/a> [e<\/em>], the following set is used and an euphonic [\u06cc<\/span>] intervenes between the word and the second person singular and the first person and second person plural suffixes. With the first person singular, the [-e<\/em>] becomes very weak and a glide occurs. With the third person singular the terminal [-e<\/em>] is assimilated into the initial [a<\/em>-] of the suffix. With the third person plural, it is optional to retain or drop the [-e<\/em>]:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
-am<\/em><\/td>\n-yim<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-yi<\/em><\/td>\n-yin<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-as<\/em>(t<\/em>)<\/td>\n-an<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 xune<\/em> \u2018home; at home\u2019:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
xune\u0361am<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09024]\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nxuneyim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09025]\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
xuneyi<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09026]\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\nxuneyin<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09027] \u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
xunas\/xunas(t<\/em>)<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09029] \u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u062a \/ \u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0633 [\/tag]<\/td>\nxunan or xune\u0361an<\/em><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09030] \u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0646 \/ \u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 (\u0627)\u0646 [\/tag] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

With a long [\u0101<\/em>], the following set is used. (Note that the [\u06cc<\/span>] in the second person singular and the first person and second person plural is euphonic.):<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
-m<\/em><\/td>\n-yim<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-yi<\/em><\/td>\n-yin<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-s<\/em>(t<\/em>)<\/td>\n-n<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

[tag resources diglossia09031] \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627[\/tag] inj\u0101<\/em> \u2018here\u2019:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
inj\u0101m<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09032]\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\ninj\u0101yim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09033]\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
inj\u0101yi<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09034]\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\ninj\u0101yin<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09035]\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
inj\u0101s<\/em>(t<\/em>)<\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09037]\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0633 \/ \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\ninj\u0101n<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09038]\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

With a long [u<\/em>], the following set (including the euphonic [\u06cc<\/span>] explained above) is used:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
-am<\/em><\/td>\n-yim<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-yi<\/em><\/td>\n-yin<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-e<\/em><\/td>\n-an<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

[tag resources diglossia09039]\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0648[\/tag] tarsu<\/em> \u2018timid, pusillanimous\u2019:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
tarsu\u0361am<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09040]\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0645[\/tag]<\/em><\/td>\ntarsuyim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09041]\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
tarsuyi<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09042]\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u06cc\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\ntarsuyin<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09043]\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
tarsu\u0361e\/(t<\/em>)<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09045]\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0650 \/ \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\ntarsu\u0361an<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09046]\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

With a long [i<\/em>], a set similar to [-u<\/em>-] is used (including the euphonic [\u06cc<\/span>] explained above). However, to prevent a hiatus, often with the second person singular and the first person and second person plural the verb hastan<\/em> is used:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
-am<\/em><\/td>\n-yim<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-yi<\/em><\/td>\n-yin<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-e<\/em><\/td>\n-an<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

[tag resources diglossia09050] \u0631\u0627\u0636\u06cc[\/tag]r\u0101zi<\/em> \u2018content, satisfied, pleased\u2019:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
r\u0101ziyan<\/em>(more like r\u0101zi\u0361an<\/em>)<\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09051]\u0631\u0627\u0636\u06cc\u0646[\/tag] <\/td>\nr\u0101ziyi <\/em>(hassin<\/em>\/hastin<\/em>)<\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09052] \u0631\u0627\u0636\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u06cc\u0646\/\u0631\u0627\u0636\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0646 [\/tag] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
r\u0101ziyi<\/em>(hassid<\/em>\/hastid<\/em>)<\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09054]\u0631\u0627\u0636\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u062f [\/tag]<\/td>\nr\u0101ziyin<\/em>( r\u0101zi hassin<\/em>\/hastin<\/em>,
\nr\u0101ziyid<\/em>, hastid<\/em>)<\/td>\n		[tag resources diglossia09053]\u0631\u0627\u0636\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
r\u0101ziye<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09055]\u0631\u0627\u0636\u06cc\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\nr\u0101ziyan<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia09056]\u0631\u0627\u0636\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/p>\n

In spoken Persian the numbers<\/strong><\/a> also undergo some modifications as well:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
one<\/td>\nyek<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia10001]\u06cc\u06a9[\/tag]<\/td>\nye<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia10002]\u06cc\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
four<\/td>\ncah\u0101r<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia10003]\u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631[\/tag]<\/td>\nc\u0101r<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia10004]\u0686\u0627\u0631[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
six<\/td>\n\u0161e\u0161<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia10005]\u0634\u0634[\/tag]<\/td>\n\u0161i\u0161<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia10006]\u0634\u06cc\u0634[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
fourteen<\/td>\ncah\u0101rdah<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia10009]\u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\nc\u0101rda:<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia10010]\u0686\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064e[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
fifteen<\/td>\np\u0101nzdah<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia10011]\u067e\u0627\u0646\u0632\u062f\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\npunza:<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia10012]\u067e\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064e[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
sixteen<\/td>\n\u0161\u0101nzdah<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia10013]\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0632\u062f\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\n\u0161unza:<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia10014]\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064e[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
seventeen<\/td>\nhefdah<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia10015]\u0647\u0641\u062f\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\nhivda:<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia10016]\u0647\u06cc\u0648\u062f\u064e[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
eighteen<\/td>\nhejdah<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia10017]\u0647\u062c\u062f\u0647[\/tag]<\/em><\/td>\nhi\u017eda:<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia10018]\u0647\u06cc\u0698\u062f\u064e[\/tag]<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
fourty<\/td>\ncehel<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia10019]\u0686\u0647\u0644[\/tag]<\/td>\ncel<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia10020]\u0686\u0644[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
fifty<\/td>\npanj\u0101h<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia10021]\u067e\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\npanj\u0101:<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia10022]\u067e\u0646\u062c\u0627[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
sixty<\/td>\n\u0161ast<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia10023]\u0634\u0635\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\n\u0161as<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia10024]\u0634\u0635[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Although technically yek<\/em> \u2018a, one\u2019 and the indefinite<\/em><\/strong> \u06cc<\/span> \u2018a\u2019 cannot be used together with the same noun, in spoken Persian they are always used together in dependant clauses; for example, [tag resources diglossia11001]\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f[\/tag]ye mard-i<\/strong> bud<\/em>\u2026 \u2018there was a man\u2026\u2019 (very sporadically ye mard bud<\/em>; but never mard-i<\/strong> bud<\/em>), [tag resources diglossia11002]\u06cc\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u062e\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u0645[\/tag] ye ket\u0101b-i<\/strong> xaridam<\/em>\u2026 \u2018I bought a book\u2026\u2019, etc. In poetry occasionally this occurs because of the timing of the verse. For instance, in the following distich, Mowl\u0101n\u0101 Jal\u0101l ud-Din Balkhi (aka Rumi), instead of [tag resources diglossia11003]\u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0646[\/tag] yek \u0161ab\u0101n<\/em> has used [tag resources diglossia11003a]\u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc[\/tag] yek \u0161ab\u0101n-i<\/strong><\/em>; because \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0161ab\u0101n<\/em> is disyllabic while he needed a trisyllabic word:
\n did mus\u0101 yek \u0161ab\u0101ni r\u0101 be r\u0101h<\/em>[tag resources diglossia11004]\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0633\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0647[\/tag]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2018once Moses saw a shepherd on the\/his way\u2019<\/p>\n

Although Persian does not have a definite article of any sort, and a noun is only syntactically introduced as definite, the spoken Persian has an [-e<\/em>] enclitic, which functions as a definite article. This [-e<\/em>] takes the stress:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
mard-e<\/em><\/strong>|<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia12001]\u0645\u0631\u062f\u06cc[\/tag] \u2018the<\/em> man\u2019<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ket\u0101b-e|<\/sup> koj\u0101s<\/em>?<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia12002]\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u062c\u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f[\/tag] \u2018where is the<\/em> book?\u2019<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
m\u0101\u0161in-e|<\/sup> ro xaridam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia12003]\u0645\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648 \u062e\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u0645[\/tag]<\/em> \u2018I bought the<\/em> car\u2019 (Tehrani, m\u0101\u0161inaro xaridam<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

(Note: In the Persic dialects, such as Shirazi, Bushehri, etc., this definite enclitic is [-u<\/em>], which just like its Standard Persian counterpart, takes the stress; as in [tag resources diglossia12004]\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648[\/tag] mardu|<\/sup><\/em>, [tag resources diglossia12005]\u0632\u0646\u0648[\/tag]zanu|<\/sup><\/em>, [tag resources diglossia12006]\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0648[\/tag] ket\u0101bu|<\/sup><\/em>, \u2018the man,\u2019 \u2018the woman,\u2019 \u2018the book,\u2019 etc.)<\/span><\/p>\n


\n<\/span><\/p>\n

Verbs<\/em><\/strong><\/a>:<\/p>\n

There are many sorts of phonetic mutations in the infinitives<\/a><\/strong><\/em>, as well as the stems of the present and the past tenses. In particular contexts, vowels may change; for example, written [tag resources diglossia13001]\u0622\u0648\u064e\u0631\u062f\u0646[\/tag] \u0101vardan<\/em> \u2018to bring\u2019 becomes the spoken [tag resources diglossia13002]\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646[\/tag] \u0101vordan<\/em> and secondarily, [tag resources diglossia13003]\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646[\/tag] ovordan<\/em>, [tag resources diglossia13004]\u0627\u064e\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646[\/tag] and\u0101xtan<\/em> \u2018to drop, throw\u2019 becomes [tag resources diglossia13005]\u0627\u0650\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646[\/tag]end\u0101xtan<\/em>, etc.<\/p>\n

Medial glottal segment (that is, the CV syllable) is normally dropped; for example, [tag resources diglossia13006]\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u0645[\/tag]midaham<\/em> \u2018I give\u2019 becomes [tag resources diglossia13007]\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0645[\/tag]midam<\/em>, [tag resources diglossia13008]\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0645[\/tag]mix\u0101ham<\/em> \u2018I want\u2019 becomes [tag resources diglossia13009]\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0645[\/tag]mix\u0101m<\/em>, etc.<\/p>\n

The Persic [-\u0101n<\/em>-] becomes [-un<\/em>-] mutation also applies; for example, [tag resources diglossia13010]\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646[\/tag]d\u0101nestan<\/em> \u2018to know\u2019 becomes [tag resources diglossia13011]\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0646[\/tag]dunessan<\/em>\/ [tag resources diglossia13012]\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646[\/tag]dunestan<\/em>, [tag resources diglossia13013]\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a[\/tag]tav\u0101nestan<\/em> \u2018to be able, can\u2019 becomes [tag resources diglossia13014]\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0646[\/tag]tunessan<\/em>\/ [tag resources diglossia13015]\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646[\/tag]tunestan<\/em> (from [tag resources diglossia13016]\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646[\/tag]tavunestan<\/em>), etc.<\/p>\n

The persic [-st<\/em>-] becomes [-s<\/em>(s<\/em>)-] also applies, as in [tag resources diglossia13017]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646[\/tag]x\u0101stan<\/em> \u2018to want\u2019 becomes [tag resources diglossia13018]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0646[\/tag]x\u0101ssan<\/em>, [tag resources diglossia13019]\u0634\u0633\u062a\u0646[\/tag]\u0161ostan<\/em> \u2018to wash\u2019 becomes [tag resources diglossia13020]\u0634\u064f\u0633\u0646[\/tag]\u0161ossan<\/em>, [tag resources diglossia13021]\u0634\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0646[\/tag]\u0161ekastan<\/em>, vt., vi., \u2018to break\u2019 becomes [tag resources diglossia13022]\u0634\u06a9\u0633\u0646[\/tag]\u0161ekassan<\/em>, etc.<\/p>\n

With the exception of the above mentioned verb [tag resources diglossia13023]\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646[\/tag]tav\u0101nestan<\/em> (which becomes [tag resources diglossia13024]\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0645[\/tag]tunessam<\/em>, etc.\/[tag resources diglossia13025]\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0645[\/tag]tunestam<\/em>, etc.), almost all of the past stems<\/strong><\/em><\/a> are consistent with the written form. All the phonetic mutations, however, apply, namely [tag resources diglossia13026]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645[\/tag]x\u0101stam<\/em> \u2018I wanted\u2019 becomes [tag resources diglossia13027]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645[\/tag]x\u0101s(s)am<\/em>, [tag resources diglossia13028]\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645[\/tag]m\u0101ndam<\/em> \u2018I stayed\u2019 becomes [tag resources diglossia13029]\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0645[\/tag]mundam<\/em>, etc.<\/p>\n

All the singulars and the first person plural<\/strong><\/em> suffixes are the same as the written form. In the case of the second person and third person plural, first, since the final dental is week, the final [-d<\/em>] is dropped (for example, [tag resources diglossia13030]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646\u062f[\/tag]raftand<\/em> \u2018they went\u2019 becomes [tag resources diglossia13031]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646[\/tag]raftan<\/em>), then, since without the final [-d<\/em>] the second person plural would be the same as the second person singular, and also on analogy with the third person plural, an [-n<\/em>] is added to the end of the second person plural. However, as is always the case, the conservative [-id<\/em>] form is always an option:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
-am<\/em><\/td>\n\u0645 \u064e-<\/td>\n-im<\/em><\/td>\n \u06cc\u0645-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-i<\/em><\/td>\n\u06cc-<\/td>\n-in<\/em><\/td>\n \u06cc\u0646-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-\u00d8<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\n-an<\/em><\/td>\n \u0646 \u064e-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

[tag resources diglossia13032]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646[\/tag] x\u0101stan<\/em> \u2018to want\u2019:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
x\u0101s<\/em>(s<\/em>)am<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13033]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nx\u0101s<\/em>(s<\/em>)im<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13034]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
x\u0101s<\/em>(s<\/em>)i<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13035]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\nx\u0101s<\/em>(s<\/em>)in<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13036]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
x\u0101s<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13038]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633[\/tag]<\/td>\nx\u0101s<\/em>(s<\/em>)an<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13039]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In the Tehrani dialect, the third person singular takes an [-e\u0161<\/em>] ending in the present and past; for example, mix\u0101de\u0161<\/em> \u2018he\/she\/it wants\u2019, [tag resources diglossia13040]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634[\/tag] x\u0101ste\u0161<\/em>\u2018he\/she\/it wanted\u2019.<\/p>\n

In the present tense<\/em><\/strong>, most verbs stay consistent; however, there are verbs which change. Always consider the following:<\/p>\n

First of all, the [mi<\/em>-] prefix is retained.<\/p>\n

Any medial [-va<\/em>-], [-ya<\/em>-], [-ha<\/em>-] cluster is dropped; for example:<\/p>\n

[tag resources diglossia13041]\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0645[\/tag] miravam<\/em> becomes [tag resources diglossia13042]\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0645[\/tag]miram<\/em>
\n\u2018I go\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources diglossia13043]\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0645[\/tag]mi\u0161avam<\/em> becomes [tag resources diglossia13044]\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0645[\/tag]mi\u0161am<\/em>
\n\u2018I become\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources diglossia13045]\u0645\u06cc \u0622\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]mi\u0101yad<\/em> becomes [tag resources diglossia13046]\u0645\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u062f[\/tag]miy\u0101d<\/em>
\n\u2018he\/she comes\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources diglossia13047]\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0645[\/tag]mix\u0101ham<\/em> becomes [tag resources diglossia13048]\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0645[\/tag]mix\u0101m<\/em>
\n\u2018I want\u2019<\/h5>\n

In polysyllabic verbal stems normally the vowel of the first syllable of the verbal stem is dropped:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
I hear<\/td>\nmi\u0161enavam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13049]\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0646\u0648\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nmi\u0161navam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13050]\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0646\u0648\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
singular<\/em> you tear apart<\/td>\nmi\u0161ek\u0101fi<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13051]\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\nmi\u0161k\u0101fi<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13052]\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
he\/she hears<\/td>\nmi\u0161enavad<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13053]\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0646\u0648\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\nmi\u0161navad<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13054]\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0646\u0648\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
we write<\/td>\nminevisim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13056]\u0645\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nminvisim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13057]\u0645\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
plural<\/em> you sit<\/td>\nmine\u0161inid<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13058]\u0645\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f[\/tag] <\/td>\nmin\u0161inid<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13059]\u0645\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In the case of \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0648 (mi<\/em>)gu<\/em>– (from [tag resources diglossia13061]\u06af\u0641\u062a\u0646[\/tag]goftan<\/em> \u2018to say\u2019) three stages occur: (1), the vowel of the verbal stem is dropped (that is, mi-gu<\/em>– becomes mi-g-<\/em>), (2) the euphonic [\u06cc<\/span>] is dropped (as is normal, cf. [tag resources diglossia13062] \u0645\u06cc \u0622\u06cc\u0645 [\/tag] mi\u0101yam<\/em> \u2018I come\u2019 becomes [tag resources diglossia13063]\u0645\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0645[\/tag]miy\u0101m<\/em>), (3) the personal enclitics are added, as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
migam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13064]\u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nmigim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13065]\u0645\u06cc \u06af\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
migi<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13066]\u0645\u06cc \u06af\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\nmigin<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13067]\u0645\u06cc \u06af\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mige<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13069]\u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\nmigan<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13070]\u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

With stems ending in consonants, the endings are as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
-am<\/em><\/td>\n-im<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-i<\/em><\/td>\n-in<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-e<\/em><\/td>\n-an<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

[tag resources diglossia13071]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646[\/tag]raftan<\/em> \u2018to go\u2019:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
miram<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13072]\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nmirim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13073]\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
miri<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13074]\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\nmirin<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13075]\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mire<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13077]\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\nmiran<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13078]\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

With stems ending in [\u0627- ] [-\u0101<\/em>] (including the verb \u2018to come,\u2019 whose stem is –\u0101<\/em>– on its own), the endings are as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
-m<\/em><\/td>\n-ym<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-y<\/em><\/td>\n-yn<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-d<\/em><\/td>\n-n<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

[tag resources diglossia13079] \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646[\/tag] x\u0101stan<\/em> \u2018to want\u2019:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
mix\u0101m<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13080]\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nmix\u0101ym<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13081]\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mix\u0101y<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13082]\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\nmix\u0101yn<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13083]\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0646[\/tag] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mix\u0101id<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13084]\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\nmix\u0101n<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13086]\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

[tag resources diglossia13087]\u0622\u0645\u062f\u0646[\/tag] \u0101madan<\/em> \u2018to come\u2019:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
mi\u0101m<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13088]\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nmi\u0101ym<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13089]\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mi\u0101y<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13090]\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\nmi\u0101yn<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13091]\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
miy\u0101id<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13092]\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\nmiravam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13095]\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In Persian the Present<\/em><\/strong> and past progressive<\/em><\/strong> govern both progressive and habitual tenses; for example, miravam<\/em> is both \u2018I go\u2019 and \u2018I am going\u2019; [tag resources diglossia13096]\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag] miraftam<\/em> \u2018I was going\u2019 and \u2018I used to go\u2019. In addition, the present tense governs the future tense \u201cI shall go\u201d, as well.In colloquial Persian the verbs governing the present and past tenses are only habitual and&#151otherwise&#151the progressive is always accompanied (preceded) by the auxiliary verb [tag resources diglossia13097]\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646[\/tag]d\u0101\u0161tan<\/em> \u2018to have\u2019, which is conjugated along with the main verb. That is to say, [tag resources diglossia13098]\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0645[\/tag] miram<\/em> only means \u2018I go\u2019; and \u201cI am going\u201d would be [tag resources diglossia13099]\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0645[\/tag] d\u0101ram miram<\/em>. In the past tense, [tag resources diglossia13100]\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag] miraftam<\/em> means \u2018I used to go\u2019; and \u201cI was going\u201d is [tag resources diglossia13101]\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag] d\u0101\u0161tam miraftam<\/em>. As can be seen, the conjugation of this auxiliary verb corresponds with the conjugation of the primary verb:<\/p>\n

Present progressive<\/em><\/strong> with the auxiliary verb \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 d\u0101\u0161tan<\/em>:<\/p>\n[tag resources diglossia13102]\u0101madan[\/tag]<\/em> \u2018to come\u2019:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
d\u0101ram miy\u0101m<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13103]\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0645[\/tag] \u2018I am coming\u2019<\/td>\nd\u0101rim miy\u0101ym<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13104]\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
d\u0101ri miy\u0101y<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13105]\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\nd\u0101rin miy\u0101yn<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13106]\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
d\u0101rid miy\u0101id<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13107]\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\nd\u0101re miy\u0101d <\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13108]\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Past progressive<\/em><\/strong> with the auxiliary verb \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 d\u0101\u0161tan<\/em>:<\/p>\n[tag resources diglossia13109]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646[\/tag]raftan<\/em> \u2018to go\u2019:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
d\u0101\u0161tam miraftam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13110]\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag] \u2018I was going\u2019<\/td>\nd\u0101\u0161tim miraftim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13111]\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
d\u0101\u0161ti mirafti<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13112]\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\nd\u0101\u0161tin miraftin<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13113]\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]
\n( [tag resources diglossia13114] \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]d\u0101\u0161tin miraftin<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
d\u0101\u0161t miraft<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13115]\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\nd\u0101\u0161tan miraftan<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13116]\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In the Subjunctive<\/em><\/strong> mood: The preposition \u0628\u0631 [bar<\/em>] \u2018on, above, upon\u2019 (not to be confused with the prefix bar<\/em>– \u2018re-\u2019, as in \u0628\u0631\u06af\u0634\u062a\u0646 barga\u0161tan<\/em>) has a colloquial variation as \u0648\u0631 [var<\/em>]. In close compounds with this preposition, the main verb never takes the [b\u00e9-<\/em>] prefix of the subjunctive; for example, the colloquial [tag resources diglossia13117]\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646[\/tag]vard\u0101\u0161tan<\/em> (from the verb [tag resources diglossia13118]\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646[\/tag]bard\u0101\u0161tan<\/em> \u2018to pick up\u2019) becomes [tag resources diglossia13120]\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0645[\/tag]vard\u0101ram<\/em>, etc.; never \u0648\u0631\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0645 varb\u00e9d\u0101ram<\/em>, etc. (Conservative speakers, however, retain the [bar-<\/em>] form.) With compounds including the verbs \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 kardan<\/em> and [tag resources diglossia13121]\u0634\u062f\u0646[\/tag] \u0161odan<\/em> the usage of the subjunctive prefix [b\u00e9-<\/em>] is optional; for example, [tag resources diglossia13122]\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0646\u0645[\/tag] xar\u0101b konam<\/em>, [tag resources diglossia13123]\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u06a9\u0646\u0645[\/tag] xar\u0101b bokonam<\/em>; [tag resources diglossia13124]\u062e\u0648\u0634\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0647[\/tag]xo\u0161h\u0101l \u0161e<\/em>, [tag resources diglossia13125]\u062e\u0648\u0634\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0647[\/tag] xo\u0161h\u0101l be\u0161e<\/em>, etc. (For the phonetic mutations of the subjunctive prefix [b\u00e9-<\/em>], see Subjunctive<\/em><\/strong>.)<\/p>\n

In the present perfect<\/em><\/strong> the participial<\/strong> ending [-e<\/em>] is assimilated into the initial vowel of the copulative enclitics (that is, –am<\/em>, –yi<\/em>, [ast<\/em>], –yim<\/em>, –yid<\/em>, –and<\/em>); and the stress of the participial ending moves to the personal ending. Therefore, instead of [tag resources diglossia13126]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0645[\/tag] rafte\u0361am<\/em> \u2018I have gone\u2019, etc., we get [tag resources diglossia13127]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag]rafta|<\/sup>m<\/em>, etc. In the case of the third person singular, \u0627\u0633\u062a ast<\/em> is entirely dropped; for example, \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 rafte|<\/sup><\/em> \u2018he\/she\/it has\/is gone\u2019. Note that in colloquial Persian the only difference between this tense and the simple past tense is in the placement of the stress: in the past absolute, it is on the last syllable of the stem; in the present perfect, it is on the personal endings; that is, past absolute [tag resources diglossia13128]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag] ra|<\/sup>ftam<\/em> \u2018I went\u2019 ~ present perfect [tag resources diglossia13129]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag] rafta|<\/sup>m<\/em> \u2018I have gone\u2019”:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
rafta|<\/sup>m<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13130]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nrafti|<\/sup>m<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13131]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
rafti|<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13132]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\nrafti|<\/sup>n<\/em>
\nrafti|<\/sup>d<\/em>)<\/td>\n		[tag resources diglossia13133]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]
\n ( [tag resources diglossia13134]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
rafte|<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13135]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\nrafta|<\/sup>n<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia13136]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The direct object marker<\/em><\/strong>: In the Persic dialects (that is, from Persia Proper) sometimes a terminal [-\u0101<\/em>] is phonetically mutated as [-o<\/em>] (especially after the liquids, that is, \/l<\/em>\/ and \/r<\/em>\/); for example, Shirazi and Kazeruni [tag resources diglossia13137]\u06a9\u062c\u0648[\/tag] kojo<\/em> for Standard Persian [tag resources diglossia13138]\u06a9\u062c\u0627[\/tag] koj\u0101<\/em> \u2018where?\u2019; Shir., Kaz. [tag resources diglossia13139]\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648[\/tag] b\u0101lo<\/em> ~ Standard Persian [tag resources diglossia13140]\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627[\/tag] b\u0101l\u0101<\/em> \u2018up, above, over\u2019; Shir., Kaz. [tag resources diglossia13141]\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0648[\/tag] h\u0101lo<\/em> ~ Standard Persian [tag resources diglossia13142]\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627[\/tag] h\u0101l\u0101<\/em> \u2018now\u2019; Shir., Kaz. [tag resources diglossia13143]\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0648[\/tag] k\u0101lo<\/em> ~ Standard Persian [tag resources diglossia13144]\u06a9\u0644\u0627[\/tag] kol\u0101<\/em> (not directly from \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0647 kol\u0101h<\/em>) \u2018hat, cap\u2019; Shir., Kaz. [tag resources diglossia13145]\u0686\u0631\u0648[\/tag]cero<\/em> ~ Standard Persian [tag resources diglossia13146]\u0686\u0631\u0627[\/tag] cer\u0101<\/em> \u2018why?\u2019. Under the influence of the Persic dialects, the Standard Persian direct object marker \u0631\u0627 r\u0101<\/em> is normalized as \u0631\u0648 ro<\/em> in spoken Persian. Secondarily, the [-r<\/em>-] is variably (but more dominantly) dropped after consonants, and the remaining –o<\/em> is attached directly to the noun (i.e., the object of the sentence). That is to say, there are two variations as \u0631\u0648 ro<\/em> and –o<\/em>; for example, [tag resources diglossia13147]\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0647[\/tag] ket\u0101b ro<\/strong> be man b\u00e9ede<\/em> or [tag resources diglossia13148]\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064f \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0647[\/tag] ket\u0101b-o<\/strong> be man b\u00e9ede<\/em> \u2018give me the book\u2019. (Therefore, with consonants the choice is that of the speaker, as in [tag resources diglossia13149]\u0633\u0648\u0633\u0646 \u0631\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0645[\/tag]susan ro<\/strong> didam<\/em> or [tag resources diglossia13150]\u0633\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064f \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0645[\/tag]susan-o<\/strong> didam<\/em> \u2018I saw Susan\u2019.<\/p>\n

In nouns with a terminal vowel \/a<\/em>\/, \/u<\/em>\/, and \/e<\/em>\/ (= the silent \/h<\/em>\/), the ro<\/em> is always used; for example, [tag resources diglossia13151]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0631[\/tag] bacce h\u0101 ro biy\u0101r<\/em> \u2018bring the children\u2019 [tag resources diglossia13152]\u06af\u06cc\u0633\u0648 \u0631\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u061f[\/tag] gisu ro didi?<\/em> \u2018did you see Gisu?\u2019.<\/p>\n

In the case of the final \/e<\/em>\/ (that is, the silent \/h<\/em>\/), which is the development of an earlier \/a<\/em>\/, this \/a<\/em>\/ may be reintroduced (especially in Tehrani dialect); for example, [tag resources diglossia13153]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647[\/tag] bacce<\/em> \u2018child\u2019, but [tag resources diglossia13154]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 (\u0647)\u0627 \u0631\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0631[\/tag] bacc-a<\/strong> ro biy\u0101r<\/em> \u2018bring the child\u2019, [tag resources diglossia13155]\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647[\/tag] xune<\/em> \u2018house, home\u2019 but [tag resources diglossia13156]\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0648 \u062e\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u0646\u062f[\/tag]xun-a<\/strong> ro xaridand<\/em> \u2018they bought the house\u2019.<\/p>\n

With a final \/i<\/em>\/, the speaker has the option of using ro<\/em> or just –o<\/em>; for example, [tag resources diglossia13157]\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0648 \u062a\u06a9\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u0647[\/tag] sandali ro<\/strong> tekun nade<\/em> or [tag resources diglossia13158]\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0644\u06cc\u064f \u062a\u06a9\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u0647[\/tag] sandali-o<\/strong> tekun nade<\/em> \u2018don’t move\/jerk\/rock the chair\u2019.<\/p>\n

Sometimes the \/o<\/em>\/ is centralized and gets very close to a very weak (almost voiceless) \/e<\/em>\/; for instance, [tag resources diglossia13159]\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064f \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0631[\/tag] ket\u0101bo biy\u0101r<\/em> may be inflected as [tag resources diglossia13160]\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0631[\/tag] ket\u0101b&#601<\/sup> biy\u0101r<\/em>.<\/p>\n

The adverb ham<\/em> \u2018also, too\u2019 is always contracted with the direct object marker. In this process, first of all, the adverb loses its initial \/h<\/em>\/. Then, the direct object marker \/-o<\/em>\/ is either weakened, or, secondarily, assimilated into the following \/a<\/em>\/ of [-am<\/em>] (the remainder of ham<\/em> after the disappearance of its initial \/h<\/em>\/) as \/-o\u0361am<\/em>\/, \/-&#601\u0361am<\/em>\/ (with a glide) or \/-&#216am<\/em>\/; for example, [tag resources diglossia13161]\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0645[\/tag] uno\u0361am didam<\/em>, [tag resources diglossia13162]\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0645[\/tag] un&#601\u0361am didam<\/em>, and , particularly, [tag resources diglossia13163]\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0645[\/tag] unam didam<\/em> from [tag resources diglossia13164]\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0645[\/tag] un ro ham<\/strong> didam<\/em> \u2018I saw him\/her\/that, too\u2019.<\/p>\n

In an emphatic construction, the direct object marker may be used as a dative marker; for example: [tag resources diglossia13165]\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627 \u0631\u0648 \u062e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0645[\/tag] fard\u0101 ro kheyli k\u0101r d\u0101ram<\/em> \u2018tomorrow (particularly) I am going to have a whole lot to do\u2019. [tag resources diglossia13166]\u0627\u0645\u0634\u0628 \u0631\u0648 \u067e\u0647\u0644\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627\u0646[\/tag] em\u0161ab ro<\/strong> pahlu(-ye) m\u0101 bemun<\/em> or [tag resources diglossia13167]\u0627\u0645\u0634\u0628\u064f \u067e\u0647\u0644\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627\u0646[\/tag] em\u0161ab-o<\/strong> pahlu(-ye) m\u0101 bemun<\/em> \u2018tonight (i.e., this one night) stay with us\u2019. [tag resources diglossia13168] \u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064f \u0646\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag] te:run-o<\/strong> (te:run ro<\/strong>) na|<\/sup>rafta|<\/sub>m<\/em> \u2018Tehran? I haven’t been there!\u2019 (that is to say, \u201cif it is Tehran that concerns you, I have never been\/gone there\u201d)<\/p>\n

In spoken Persian a [tag resources diglossia13169]\u06a9\u0647 [\/tag] ke<\/em> is used which is not a relative pronoun; nor is it a conjunction. It is used for emphasis. In certain cases it syntactically functions as the English \u201cthough\u201d in the following sentence: that one is good, though<\/em>!See how many ways the following sentences can be translated in English:<\/p>\n

[tag resources diglossia13170]!\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u0647[\/tag]
\nun yeki ke<\/strong> xube<\/em>!
\n\u2018but that one is<\/em> good\u2019
\n\u2018that one is good, though!\u2019
\n\u2018(but) that one is<\/em> good, regardless\u2026\u2019
\n\u2018well, at least that one is good\u2019
\n\u2018no matter what, that one is<\/em> good\u2019
\netc.<\/h5>\n
[tag resources diglossia13171]!\u0645\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0645[\/tag]
\nman ke<\/strong> nemi dunam<\/em>
\n\u2018don\u2019t ask me\u2019
\n\u2018I don\u2019t know anything\u2019
\n\u2018beats me!\u2019
\n\u2018I don\u2019t care!\u2019
\n\u2018that\u2019s none of my business!\u2019
\n\u2018I give up!\u2019
\n\u2018I don\u2019t give a\u2026\u2019
\n\u2018now I\u2019m confused!\u2019
\n\u2018leave me alone!\u2019
\netc.<\/h5>\n
[tag resources diglossia13172]!\u0645\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u0645 \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc[\/tag]
\nman ke<\/strong> hamin j\u0101 mi ne\u0161\u012bnam, t\u0101 biy\u0101yi<\/em>
\n\u2018as for me, I just sit here till you show up\u2019
\n\u2018you know what? I\u2019m just gonna\u2019 sit here, till you show up!\u2019<\/h5>\n


\nIn Persian, written or spoken, the pronominal enclitics<\/strong><\/a> for possessive<\/em><\/strong> and objective<\/em><\/strong> cases are the same. There are two sets, one is postconsonantal and the other, postvocalic, as follows:<\/p>\n

The same set is used with the plural suffix h\u0101<\/em>, which by default ends in a vowel. (Since a plural enclitic is only infixed at a noun, here verbs are not relevant.):<\/p>\n

Normally the [-h<\/em>-] of the plural enclitic is dropped in the colloquial dialect. If the sound before the [-h<\/em>-] is a vowel a glide (hiatus) occurs, as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
my children<\/td>\nbacce\u0361\u0101m<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14029]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nour children<\/td>\nbacce\u0361\u0101mun<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14030]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
singular<\/em> your children<\/td>\nbacce\u0361\u0101t<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14031]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\nplural<\/em> your children<\/td>\nbacce\u0361\u0101tun<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14032]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u062a\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
his\/her\/its children<\/td>\nbacce\u0361\u0101\u0161<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14033]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0634[\/tag]<\/td>\ntheir children<\/td>\nbacce\u0361\u0101\u0161un<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14034]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

If the sound preceding the [-h<\/em>-] is a consonant, naturally the glide does not occur; for example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
my books<\/td>\nket\u0101b\u0101m<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14001]\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nour books<\/td>\nket\u0101b\u0101mun<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14003]\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0645\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
singular<\/em> your books<\/td>\nket\u0101b\u0101t<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14005]\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\nplural<\/em> your books<\/td>\nket\u0101b\u0101tun<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14007]\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
his\/her\/its books<\/td>\nket\u0101b\u0101\u0161<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14009]\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0634[\/tag]<\/td>\ntheir books<\/td>\nket\u0101b\u0101\u0161un<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14011]\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0634\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n
my children<\/td>\nbacceh\u0101m<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14023]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nour children<\/td>\nbacceh\u0101mun<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14024]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
singular<\/em> your children<\/td>\nbacceh\u0101t<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14025]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\nplural<\/em> your children<\/td>\nbacceh\u0101tun<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14026]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
his\/her\/its children<\/td>\nbacceh\u0101\u0161<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14027]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0634[\/tag]<\/td>\nthier children<\/td>\nbacceh\u0101\u0161un<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14028]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The second person singular and plural objective case cannot exist. (That is to say, we can never have to zadit<\/strong><\/em>, to zaditun<\/strong><\/em> \u2018you hit you\u2019.) The reflexive has a different construction, using xod<\/em> \u2018self\u2019, with the personal suffixes (-am<\/em>, –at<\/em>, –a\u0161<\/em>, –em\u0101n<\/em>, –et\u0101n<\/em>, –e\u0161\u0101n<\/em>, colloq. –am<\/em>, –et<\/em>, –e\u0161<\/em>, –emun<\/em>, –etun<\/em>, –e\u0161un<\/em>); as in to xodat<\/strong> r\u0101 zadi<\/em> \u2018you hit yourself\u2019, etc.<\/p>\n

In the case of nouns with a terminal [-e<\/em>], the enclitics in written<\/em> Persian are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
–am<\/em><\/td>\n-(a<\/em>)m\u0101n<\/em><\/td>\nbacceam<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14042]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nbacce<\/em>(a<\/strong><\/strong><\/em>)m\u0101n<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14043]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
–at<\/em><\/td>\n-(a<\/em>)t\u0101n<\/em><\/td>\nbacceat<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14044]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\nbacce<\/em>(a<\/strong><\/em>)t\u0101n<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14045]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
–a\u0161<\/em><\/td>\n-(a<\/em>)\u0161\u0101n<\/em><\/td>\nbaccea\u0161<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14046]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0634[\/tag]<\/td>\nbacce<\/em>(a<\/strong><\/em>)\u0161\u0101n<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14047]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In spoken<\/em> Persian, the final [-e<\/em>] of the noun is assimilated into [tag resources diglossia5001]the [\/tag]initial [a<\/em>-] of the enclitics, which also takes the stress; as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
bacca<\/strong>|<\/sup>m<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14048]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nbacca<\/strong>|<\/sup>mun<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14049]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646 [\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
bacca<\/strong>|<\/sup>t<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14050]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\nbacca<\/strong>|<\/sup>tun<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14051]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
bacca<\/strong>|<\/sup>\u0161<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14052]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0634[\/tag]<\/td>\nbacca<\/strong>|<\/sup>\u0161un<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia14053]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/p>\n

In spoken Persian, the prepositions<\/strong><\/a> may be connected to the objective enclitics, in which case, az<\/em> \u2018of, from,\u2019 tu<\/em> \u2018in, inside\u2019 (instead of the formal dar<\/em>), and some others stay constant; but be<\/em> takes an epenthesis as beh<\/em> and b\u0101<\/em> becomes b\u0101ha<\/em> or b\u0101h\u0101<\/em>, to avoid hiatus; as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
of\/from me<\/td>\nazam<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15005]\u0627\u064e\u0632\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nof\/from us<\/td>\nazamun<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15006]\u0627\u064e\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
singular<\/em> of\/from you<\/td>\nazat<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15007]\u0627\u0632\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\nplural<\/em> of\/from you<\/td>\nazatun<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15008]\u0627\u0632\u062a\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
of\/from him\/her\/it<\/td>\naza\u0161<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15009]\u0627\u0632\u0634[\/tag]<\/td>\nof\/from him\/her\/it<\/td>\naza\u0161un<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15010]\u0627\u0632\u0634\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
to\/at me<\/td>\nbeham<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15011]\u0628\u0647\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nto\/at us<\/td>\nbehamun<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15012]\u0628\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
singular<\/em> to\/at you<\/td>\nbehat<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15013]\u0628\u0647\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\nplural<\/em> to\/at you<\/td>\nbehatun<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15014]\u0628\u0647\u062a\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
to\/at him\/her\/it<\/td>\nbeha\u0161<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15015]\u0628\u0647\u0634[\/tag]<\/td>\nto\/at them<\/td>\nbeha\u0161un<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15016]\u0628\u0647\u0634\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
with me<\/td>\nb\u0101ham<\/strong><\/em>\/b\u0101h\u0101m<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15017]\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0645[\/tag]\/ [tag resources diglossia15018]\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nwith us<\/td>\nb\u0101hamun<\/strong><\/em>\/b\u0101h\u0101mun<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15019]\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0646[\/tag]\/[tag resources diglossia15020]\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
singular<\/em> with you<\/td>\nb\u0101hat<\/strong><\/em>\/b\u0101h\u0101t<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15021]\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a[\/tag]\/ [tag resources diglossia15022]\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\nplural<\/em> with you<\/td>\nb\u0101hatun<\/strong><\/em>\/b\u0101h\u0101tun<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15023]\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0646[\/tag]\/ [tag resources diglossia15024]\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
with him\/her\/it<\/td>\nb\u0101ha\u0161<\/strong><\/em>\/b\u0101h\u0101\u0161<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15025]\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0634[\/tag]\/ [tag resources diglossia15026]\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0634[\/tag]<\/td>\nwith them<\/td>\nb\u0101ha\u0161un<\/strong><\/em>\/b\u0101h\u0101\u0161un<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15027]\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0634\u0648\u0646[\/tag]\/ [tag resources diglossia15028]\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

With prepositions with a terminal \/u<\/em>\/, namely tu<\/em> \u2018in, inside\u2019, ru<\/em> \u2018on, over, above, on top of\u2019, and polysyllabic prepositions, namely b\u0101l\u0101<\/em> \u2018on, over, above, on top of\u2019, etc., because of the final long vowel, the enclitics do not have an initial vowel and the following enclitics are used:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
-m<\/em><\/td>\n \u0645- <\/td>\n-mun<\/em><\/td>\n \u0645\u0648\u0646- <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-t<\/em><\/td>\n \u062a- <\/td>\n-tun<\/em><\/td>\n \u062a\u0648\u0646- <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-\u0161<\/em><\/td>\n \u0634- <\/td>\n-\u0161un<\/em><\/td>\n \u0634\u0648\u0646- <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
inside (of) me<\/td>\ntum<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15029]\u062a\u0648\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\ninside (of)\/amongst us<\/td>\ntumun<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15030]\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
singular<\/em>\u2018inside (of) you<\/td>\ntut<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15031]\u062a\u0648\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\nplural<\/em> inside (of)\/amongst you<\/td>\ntutun<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15032]\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
inside (of) him\/her\/it<\/td>\ntu\u0161<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15033]\u062a\u0648\u0634[\/tag]<\/td>\ninside (of)\/amongst them<\/td>\ntu\u0161un<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15034]\u062a\u0648\u0634\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
on (top of) me<\/td>\nrum<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15035]\u0631\u0648\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\non (top of) us<\/td>\nrumun<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15036]\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
on (top of) you<\/td>\nrut<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15037]\u0631\u0648\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\non (top of) you<\/td>\nrutun<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15038]\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
on (top of) him\/her\/it<\/td>\nru\u0161<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15039]\u0631\u0648\u0634[\/tag]<\/td>\non (top of) them<\/td>\nru\u0161un<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15040]\u0631\u0648\u0634\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The preposition \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 <\/span> hamr\u0101h<\/em> \u2018along with\u2019 loses its final h<\/em> and, then, takes the same set of enclitics:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
along with me<\/td>\nhamr\u0101m<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n[tag resources diglossia15041]\u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nalong with us<\/td>\nhamr\u0101mun<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n[tag resources diglossia15042]\u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
singular<\/em> along with you<\/td>\nhamr\u0101t<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n[tag resources diglossia15043]\u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\nplural<\/em> along with you<\/td>\nhamr\u0101tun<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n[tag resources diglossia15044]\u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
along with him\/her\/it<\/td>\nhamr\u0101\u0161<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n[tag resources diglossia15045]\u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0634[\/tag]<\/td>\nalong with them<\/td>\nhamr\u0101\u0161un<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n[tag resources diglossia15046]\u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In spoken Persian [tag resources diglossia15047]\u062f\u0631[\/tag] dar<\/em> \u2018in, inside\u2019 is hardly ever used; most usages are in compounds such as [tag resources diglossia15048]\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627[\/tag] dar-j\u0101<\/em> \u2018on the spot\u2019, as in [tag resources diglossia15049] \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062f[\/tag] dar-j\u0101 mord<\/em> \u2018he\/she\/it died right there and then\/right away\/on the spot\u2019.<\/p>\n

Normally [tag resources diglossia15050]\u062f\u0631[\/tag] dar<\/em> is suppleted by [tag resources diglossia15051]\u062a\u0648[\/tag] tu<\/em>, which may optionally take the ez\u0101fe<\/em> construction; for example, [tag resources diglossia15052]\u062a\u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647[\/tag] tu xune<\/em> or [tag resources diglossia15053]\u062a\u0648\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647[\/tag]tu-ye xune<\/em> \u2018in the house\u2019.<\/p>\n

In the case of [tag resources diglossia15051]\u062a\u0648[\/tag] tu<\/em>, however, it is not used as often as \u062f\u0631dar<\/em> is used in written Persian. For instance, instead of saying [tag resources diglossia15055]\u067e\u062f\u0631\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0633[\/tag] pedaram tu (ye) xunas<\/em> \u2018my father is at home\u2019, it is very normal to say [tag resources diglossia15056]\u067e\u062f\u0631\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0633[\/tag] pedaram xunas<\/em> (which, by the way, could literally mean my father is a house<\/em>). If occasionally [tag resources diglossia15055]\u067e\u062f\u0631\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0633[\/tag] pedaram tu (ye) xunas<\/em> is used; it (often) means \u2018my father is inside<\/em> the house\u2019 (and, for instance, he is not in the garden, backyard, or elsewhere around the house).<\/p>\n

The post-vocalic ez\u0101fe<\/em> [-ye<\/em>] (which is used formally) may optionally be dropped after \/u<\/em>\/, as in [tag resources diglossia15058]\u0631\u0648[\/tag] ru<\/em> ~ [tag resources diglossia15059]\u0631\u0648\u06cc[\/tag] ru-ye<\/em> \u2018on, on top of\u2019, [tag resources diglossia15060]\u067e\u0644\u0648[\/tag]pa:lu<\/em> ~ [tag resources diglossia15061]\u067e\u0644\u0648\u06cc[\/tag]pa:luye<\/em> ([tag resources diglossia15061a] \u067e\u0647\u0644\u0648~\u067e\u0647\u0644\u0648\u06cc[\/tag]pahlu<\/em> ~ pahlu-ye<\/em>) \u2018next to\u2019; for example, [tag resources diglossia15062]\u0631\u0648 \u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0627\u0644[\/tag]ru yaxc\u0101l<\/em> \u2018on the fridge\u2019, instead of [tag resources diglossia15063]\u0631\u0648\u06cc \u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0627\u0644[\/tag]ru-ye yaxc\u0101l<\/em>; [tag resources diglossia15064]\u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0633\u062a\u0647[\/tag]u pahlu man ne\u0161aste<\/em> \u2018he\/she is sitting next to me\u2019 (instead of …\u067e\u0647\u0644\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u0646 pahlu-ye man\u2026<\/em>).<\/p>\n

After \/\u0101<\/em>\/ we may variably get [-ye<\/em>] or [-y<\/em>]; for example, [[tag resources diglossia15065]\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0627\u0644[\/tag]b\u0101l\u0101ye yaxc\u0101l<\/em> or b\u0101l\u0101y yaxc\u0101l<\/em> \u2018on the fridge\u2019 (and variably, in the Tehrani dialect, [tag resources diglossia15066]\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0627\u0644[\/tag]b\u0101l\u0101 yaxc\u0101l<\/em>, without the ez\u0101fe<\/em> construction).<\/p>\n

The preposition [tag resources diglossia15067]\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc[\/tag]bar\u0101ye<\/em> is hardly ever used in Tehran, instead in the Tehrani dialect more often [tag resources diglossia15068]\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0647[\/tag] v\u0101se<\/em>, [tag resources diglossia15069]\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06cc[\/tag] v\u0101seye<\/em>, and, occasionally, [tag resources diglossia15070]\u0628\u0631\u0627[\/tag]bar\u0101<\/em> (without the ez\u0101fe<\/em> construction) are used, as in [tag resources diglossia15072]\u0628\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646[\/tag]bar\u0101 man<\/em>, [tag resources diglossia15073]\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0646[\/tag]v\u0101se man<\/em> or v\u0101seye man<\/em> \u2018for me\u2019. In recent years, v\u0101se<\/em> is more and more borrowed from Tehrani and used in some other dialects as well, especially under the influence of the media. With v\u0101se<\/em> (with the terminal [-e<\/em>]) see above.<\/p>\n

For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
for me<\/td>\nv\u0101sam<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0645<\/td>\nfor us<\/td>\nv\u0101samun<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
singular<\/em> for you<\/td>\nv\u0101sat<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u062a<\/td>\nplural<\/em> for you<\/td>\nv\u0101satun<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
for him\/her\/it<\/td>\nv\u0101sa\u0161<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0634<\/td>\nfor them<\/td>\nv\u0101sa\u0161un<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

If instead of v\u0101se<\/em>, bar\u0101<\/em> is used, then the enclitics are the same set used after a long [-\u0101<\/em>-]:<\/p>\n

For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
for me<\/td>\nbar\u0101m<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15075]\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nfor us<\/td>\nbar\u0101mun<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15076]\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
singular<\/em> for you<\/td>\nbar\u0101t<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15077]\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\nplural<\/em> for you<\/td>\nbar\u0101tun<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15078]\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
for him\/her\/it<\/td>\nbar\u0101\u0161<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15079]\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0634[\/tag]<\/td>\nfor them<\/td>\nbar\u0101\u0161un<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources diglossia15080]\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In words with <\/span> [tag resources diglossia15081]\u0628\u0631[\/tag] bar<\/em> \u2018above, upon\u2019 and <\/span> [tag resources diglossia15082]\u062f\u0631[\/tag] dar<\/em> \u2018in, inside\u2019 as a member of a prepositional compound, the \u0628\u0631<\/span> and \u062f\u0631<\/span> are normally dropped. For instance, between <\/span> [tag resources diglossia15083]\u0628\u06cc\u0646[\/tag] beyn<\/em> and <\/span> [tag resources diglossia15084]\u062f\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]dar beyn<\/em> \u2018among; between\u2019, the latter is almost never used in colloquial Persian (Although it must also be mentioned that instead of (dar<\/em>) beyn<\/em>, <\/span> [tag resources diglossia15085]\u0645\u06cc\u0648\u0646[\/tag]miyun<\/em> (from the formal \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/span>) is more common, anyway.) Quite the same, [tag resources diglossia15086]\u062f\u0631\u067e\u06cc\u0634 [\/tag]dar pi\u0161e<\/em> \u2018before, in front of\u2019 is always [tag resources diglossia15087]\u067e\u06cc\u0634[\/tag]pi\u0161e<\/em>; [tag resources diglossia15088]\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0631[\/tag]bar sare<\/em> \u2018at the tip of, on top of\u2019 is always [tag resources diglossia15089]\u0633\u0631[\/tag] sare<\/em>, etc. Notice that all of these prepositions take the ez\u0101fe<\/em> construction.<\/p>\n

The preposition [tag resources diglossia15090]\ufe92[\/tag] be<\/em> \u2018to, towards\u2019 is very rarely\u2014and in a very specific situation\u2014used. For instance, in dealing with direction towards a location, it is almost never used; for example:[tag resources diglossia15091]\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647[\/tag]mix\u0101m beram xune<\/em> \u2018I want to go home\u2019, hardly ever [tag resources diglossia15092]\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647[\/tag]mx\u0101m beram be<\/strong> xune<\/em>. <\/p>\n

Normally in many instances spoken Persian has an inclination towards the Arabic loanwords as opposed to Persian words, as in [tag resources diglossia15093]\u0645\u062a\u0634\u06a9\u0631\u0645[\/tag]mote\u0161akkeram<\/em> (secondarily [tag resources diglossia15094]\u0645\u062a\u0634\u06a9\u0631\u0645[\/tag]mot\u0161akkeram<\/em>) and [tag resources diglossia15095]\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0645[\/tag]mamnunam<\/em> vs. [tag resources diglossia15096]\u0633\u067e\u0627\u0633\u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0645[\/tag]sep\u0101sgoz\u0101ram<\/em> \u2018thank you!\u2019. (In Tehrani, even the French loanword merci<\/em> is used more often.)<\/p>\n

Accordingly, in the case of prepositions, normally the Perso-Arabic \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632<\/span> [tag resources diglossia15097]\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632[\/tag]ba\u2019d<\/em> (az<\/em>) <\/em>is used instead of Persian \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632<\/span> [tag resources diglossia15098]\u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632[\/tag] pas<\/em> (az<\/em>)<\/em> \u2018after(wards)\u2019; and, although \u067e\u06cc\u0634<\/span> [tag resources diglossia15099]\u067e\u06cc\u0634[\/tag]pi\u0161<\/em> is used profusely, \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632<\/span> is more common than \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632<\/span> [tag resources diglossia15101]\u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632[\/tag]pi\u0161 az<\/em> \u2018before.\u2019<\/p>\n

Post-consonantal:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
-am<\/em><\/td>\n\u0645 \u064e- <\/td>\n-emun<\/em><\/td>\n \u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0650-<\/td>\n \u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0645 ket\u0101bam<\/strong><\/em> \u2018my book\u2019
\n \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0645\u0648\u0646 ket\u0101bemun<\/strong><\/em> \u2018our book\u2019<\/td>\n		 \u0632\u062f\u0645 zadam<\/strong><\/em> \u2018he\/she\/it hit me\u2019
\n \u0632\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 zademun<\/strong><\/em> \u2018he\/she\/it hit us\u2019<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-et<\/em><\/td>\n\u062a \u0650- <\/td>\n-etun<\/em><\/td>\n \u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0650- <\/td>\n \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a ket\u0101bet<\/strong><\/em> singular<\/em> \u2018your book\u2019, \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0646 ket\u0101betun<\/strong><\/em> plural<\/em> \u2018your book\u2019<\/td>\n \u0632\u062f\u062a zadet<\/strong><\/em> singular<\/em> \u2018he\/she\/it hit you\u2019,
\n\u0632\u062f\u062a\u0627\u0646 zadetun<\/strong><\/em> plural<\/em> \u2018he\/she\/it hit you\u2019<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-e\u0161<\/em><\/td>\n\u0634 \u0650- <\/td>\n-e\u0161un<\/em><\/td>\n\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0650- <\/td>\n\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0634 ket\u0101be\u0161<\/strong><\/em> \u2018his\/her\/its book\u2019,
\n\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0646 ket\u0101be\u0161un<\/strong><\/em> \u2018their book\u2019<\/td>\n		 \u0632\u062f\u0634 zade\u0161<\/strong><\/em> \u2018he\/she\/it hit him\/her\/it\u2019
\n\u0632\u062f\u0634\u0627\u0646 zade\u0161un<\/strong><\/em>\u2018he\/she\/it hit them\u2019<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Post-vocalic:<\/th>\n<\/th>\n<\/th>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
-m<\/em><\/td>\n\u0645- <\/td>\n-mun<\/em><\/td>\n \u0645\u0648\u0646-<\/td>\n \u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0645 muh\u0101m<\/strong><\/em> \u2018my hair, locks\u2019
\n \u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646 muh\u0101mun<\/strong><\/em> \u2018our locks\u2019<\/td>\n		 \u0632\u062f\u0645 zadim<\/strong><\/em> past \u2018you hit me\u2019
\n \u0632\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646 zadimun<\/strong><\/em> \u2018you hit us\u2019<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-\u0161<\/em><\/td>\n\u0634- <\/td>\n-\u0161un<\/em><\/td>\n\u0634\u0648\u0646 – <\/td>\n \u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0634 muh\u0101\u0161<\/strong><\/em> \u2018his\/her\/its hair, locks\u2019 \u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0646 muh\u0101\u0161un<\/strong><\/em>\u2018their hair, locks\u2019<\/td>\n \u0632\u062f\u06cc\u0634 zadi\u0161<\/strong><\/em> \u2018you hit him\/her\/it\u2019 \u0632\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u0648\u0646 zadi\u0161un<\/strong><\/em> \u2018you hit them\u2019<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Prepositions<\/em><\/strong> mostly remain the same as the written forms, such as be<\/em> \u2018to, at\u2019 az<\/em> \u2018from, of\u2019 etc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Generally speaking, the diglossia rules of Persian are inconsistent and only implemented to some extent. Still, it is very useful to learn them, particularly when listening to native speakers with varying dialects. Here in the following pages are gathered 10 sets of basic rules, in no particular order. Let’s begin with some basic phonemic consonant […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":289,"featured_media":0,"parent":51,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-145","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/145","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/289"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=145"}],"version-history":[{"count":306,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/145\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4399,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/145\/revisions\/4399"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/51"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=145"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}