{"id":151,"date":"2008-07-03T14:28:24","date_gmt":"2008-07-03T19:28:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/?page_id=151"},"modified":"2009-04-12T20:48:57","modified_gmt":"2009-04-13T02:48:57","slug":"ezafe-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/language-specific-grammar\/ezafe-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Ez\u0101fe 3"},"content":{"rendered":"

This continues the discussion of the ez\u0101fe<\/strong><\/em><\/a> begun in previous two sections.<\/p>\n

If in possessive construction, after the silent \/h<\/em>\/ the personal modifiers are used, the spoken inflection<\/strong> would include an anaptictic \/\u0259<\/em><\/sup>\/ (not a full grade \/a<\/em>\/) between the final \/-e<\/em>\/ sound (which is represented by the silent \/h<\/em>\/ in written form) and the plural endings<\/strong>, as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
my house<\/td>\nx\u0101ne-am<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources ezafe3_01]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nour house<\/td>\nx\u0101ne\u0259<\/sup>–m\u0101n<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources ezafe3_04]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
your house<\/td>\nx\u0101ne-at<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources ezafe3_02]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\nyour house<\/td>\nx\u0101ne\u0259<\/sup>–t\u0101n<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources ezafe3_05]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0646 [\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
his\/her\/its house<\/td>\nx\u0101ne-a\u0161<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources ezafe3_03]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0634[\/tag]<\/td>\ntheir house<\/td>\nx\u0101ne\u0259<\/sup>–\u0161\u0101n<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources ezafe3_06]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0646 [\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In a variation, the final \/e<\/em>\/ is assimilated into the initial \/a<\/em>\/ of the postvocalic enclitics, as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
our house<\/td>\nx\u0101na-m\u0101n<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources ezafe3_07]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
your house<\/td>\nx\u0101na-t\u0101n<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources ezafe3_08]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0646 [\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
their house<\/td>\nx\u0101na-\u0161\u0101n<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources ezafe3_09]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0646 [\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

After a final long \/\u012b<\/em>\/ \u200d\u06cc<\/span> (here we use i<\/em>), however, we do not need an euphonic \/y<\/em>\/ to help us with the articulation. Hence, in [tag resources ezafe3_20]\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0627[\/tag] sandali-ye mo\u2019allem-e m\u0101<\/em> \u2018our teacher\u2019s chair,\u2019 the [\u2013e<\/em>] alone would suffice. (It should be understood that the [-y<\/em>-] in sandali-ye mo\u2019allem<\/em> is only necessary in the English transcription.) There is a debate over the latter case. Some Persian scholars prefer to use the euphonic \/y<\/em>\/ even after a terminal \u06cc<\/span> (for example, [tag resources ezafe3_21]\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0644\u06cc \u06cc \u0645\u0646[\/tag] sandali-ye man<\/em>), mostly for the sake of consistency.<\/p>\n

After the silent \/h<\/em>\/, sometimes instead of a full grade \u06cc<\/span> a diacritic is placed on the \u0640\u0647<\/span> in the writing, for instance, [tag resources ezafe3_22]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0654 \u0645\u0646[\/tag] and [tag resources ezafe3_23]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u200c\u06cc \u0645\u0646[\/tag] both pronounced x\u0101ne-ye man<\/em> \u2018my house.\u2019<\/p>\n

It must be understood that this character is not a hamze<\/em><\/a>; it is the development of the letter \u06cc as a diacritic, due to the frequency of usage. Its design is simply taken from the upper portion of the letter \u06cc, which, for the sake of fluency, does not curve upwards and back, but is left in the middle of the character in such a way that flowing forward is made smoother. Even referring to this diacritic as hamze<\/em> is incorrect; it is an ez\u0101fe<\/em> \u06cc (ye-ye ez\u0101fe<\/em>, or y\u0101\u2019-e ez\u0101fe<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Since in Middle Persian the ez\u0101fe<\/em> \u06cc was written as a separate character, there are some scholars who prefer to incorporate a full grade \u06cc; for example, [tag resources ezafe3_24]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u200c\u06cc \u0645\u0646[\/tag]bace-ye man<\/em> ‘my child’. This is a sort of deconstruction and reviving of the historical form. Both [tag resources ezafe3_25]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u200c\u06cc \u0645\u0646[\/tag] and [tag resources ezafe3_26]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647\u0654 \u0645\u0646[\/tag] are correct, and the usage of one vs. the other is only a matter of choice.<\/p>\n

However, the incorporation of this y\u0101\u2019-e ez\u0101fe<\/em> for the indefinite<\/em> \u06cc by some copyists throughout history is entirely erroneous, and merely based on the north-eastern phonetic influence. That is to say, in the north-eastern dialects (such as Dari) there is not a distinct difference of articulation between the ez\u0101fe<\/em> \u06cc and the indefinite<\/em> enclitic \u06cc; for example, x\u0101na-yi d\u0101ram<\/em> \u2018I have a<\/em> house\u2019 vs. x\u0101na-yi man<\/em> \u2018my house.\u2019 That is why scribes have confused the two. As a result, in some of the classical and archaic Persian texts one may see [tag resources ezafe3_27]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0654 \u0645\u0646[\/tag] \u2018my house\u2019 and [tag resources ezafe3_28]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0654 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0645[\/tag] \u2018I have a<\/em> house,\u2019 both with [-yi<\/em>]. The latter, of course, is incorrect; simply because in the indefinite<\/em> case, after the silent \/h<\/em>\/, we would have an euphonic \u06cc intervening as \u06cc\u06cc (for example, [tag resources ezafe3_29]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u200c\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0645[\/tag]) while in the [tag resources ezafe3_30]ez\u0101fe<\/em>[\/tag] there is only one \u06cc (for example, [tag resources ezafe3_31]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u200c\u06cc \u0645\u0646[\/tag]).<\/p>\n

Names of streets, seas, oceans, seasons, weeks, mountains, universities, etc., fall into this category and take the ez\u0101fe<\/em> linking [-e<\/em>]:<\/p>\n

[tag resources ezafe3_32]\u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0633\u06cc[\/tag]
\nxiy\u0101b\u0101n-e<\/em> ferdowsi
\n\u2018the Ferdowsi Street\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources ezafe3_33]\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0647[\/tag]
\ndary\u0101-ye siy\u0101h<\/em>
\n\u2018The Black Sea\u2019
\n(notice the euphonic [ye<\/em>] after the long \/\u0101<\/em>\/)<\/p>\n

[tag resources ezafe3_34]\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0645[\/tag]
\noqy\u0101nus-e \u0101r\u0101m<\/em>
\n\u2018The Pacific Ocean\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources ezafe3_35]\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0650 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0631[\/tag]
\nfasl-e bah\u0101r<\/em>
\n\u2018the spring season\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources ezafe3_36]\u0647\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0654 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631[\/tag]
\nhafte-ye digar<\/em>
\n\u2018next week\u2019
\n(notice the euphonic [ye<\/em>] after the silent \/h<\/em>\/)<\/p>\n

[tag resources ezafe3_37]\u06a9\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0632[\/tag]
\nkuh-e alborz<\/em>
\n\u2018The Alborz Mountain\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources ezafe3_38]\u06a9\u0648\u0647 \u0622\u0644\u067e[\/tag]
\nkuh-e \u0101lp<\/em>
\n\u2018The Alps\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources ezafe3_39]\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646[\/tag]
\nd\u0101ne\u0161g\u0101h-e tehr\u0101n<\/em>
\n\u2018The Tehran University\u2019<\/h5>\n

In addition, the ez\u0101fe<\/em> corresponds to the English of<\/em> in such constructions as \u2018The City of<\/em> Berkeley,\u2019 \u2018the third week of<\/em> the month,\u2019 etc.; for example, [tag resources ezafe3_40]\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646[\/tag] \u0161ahr-e tehr\u0101n<\/em> \u2018The City of Tehran\u2019; and it is even used with the name of countries; for example, [tag resources ezafe3_41]\u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646[\/tag] ke\u0161var-e ir\u0101n<\/em> \u2018Iran\u2019, [tag resources ezafe3_42]\u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627[\/tag] ke\u0161var-e \u0101mrik\u0101<\/em> \u2018America, the US of<\/em> A\u2019; literally \u2018the land of Iran,\u2019 \u2018the land of<\/em> America\u2019 (although [tag resources ezafe3_43]\u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631[\/tag] ke\u0161var<\/em> = \u2018country\u2019), [tag resources ezafe3_44]\u0647\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0654 \u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0644[\/tag] hafte-ye dovom-e s\u0101l \u2018the second week of<\/em> the year.\u2019 etc.<\/p>\n

When dealing with a chain of attributive adjectives, the ez\u0101fe<\/em> occurs between all of the adjectives, while all the euphonic features are also observed:<\/p>\n

[tag resources ezafe3_45]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0654 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u0650 \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]
\nx\u0101ne-ye bozorg-e qadimi-ye sefid<\/em>
\n\u2018the big, old, white house\u2019<\/h5>\n

If the conjunction \/\u0648<\/span>\/ \u2018and\u2019 (and its replacement, the comma \/\u060c<\/span>\/) is used between
\nadjectives, then the ez\u0101fe<\/em> is suffixed only at the end of the last adjective:<\/p>\n

[tag resources ezafe3_46]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0654 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u060c \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f\u0650 \u0645\u0627[\/tag]
\nx\u0101ne-ye bozorg, qadimi va sefid-e m\u0101<\/em>
\n\u2018our big, old, white house\u2019<\/h5>\n

(Notice that in English using the conjunction and<\/em> before \u201cwhite\u201d is not necessary.)<\/p>\n

In a combination of attributive adjectives and possessives, still the ez\u0101fe<\/em> occurs between all the adjective and the possessive combinations:<\/p>\n

[tag resources ezafe3_47]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0654 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u0650 \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f\u0650 \u0645\u0627[\/tag]
\nx\u0101ne-ye bozorg-e qadimi-ye sefid-e m\u0101<\/em>
\n\u2018our big, old, white house\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources ezafe3_48]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0654\u060c \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u060c \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f\u0650 \u067e\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627[\/tag]
\nx\u0101ne-ye bozorg, qadimi va sefid-e pedar-e m\u0101<\/em>
\n\u2018our father\u2019s big, old, white house\u2019<\/h5>\n

In the Persian transcription of the ez\u0101fe<\/em> construction never use a final [\u0647<\/span>\/\ufeea<\/span>] instead of the ez\u0101fe<\/em> enclitic [-e<\/em>] (the kasre<\/em>). That is to say, never write [tag resources ezafe3_49]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 [\/tag]or[tag resources ezafe3_50] \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0628[\/tag]; but always [tag resources ezafe3_10]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0650\u0645\u0646[\/tag] or [tag resources ezafe3_11]\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0650 \u062e\u0648\u0628[\/tag].<\/p>\n

It must be understood that hamze<\/em> \/\u0621<\/span>\/ is a consonant. Therefore, in the ez\u0101fe<\/em> construction, a final hamze<\/em> takes the regular [-e<\/em>] (and not [-ye<\/em>]). In other words,[ezafe3_ 50] \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621\u0650 \u0645\u0646 en\u0161\u0101\u2019-e man<\/em> \u2018my composition\u2019 is correct and not \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646.In the Persian mutation of the Arabic loanwords, however, the final hamze<\/em> of many such words has been dropped and a second variation of such words exists (only in Persian); namely, [tag resources ezafe3_12]\u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621[\/tag] a\u2019z\u0101\u2019<\/em> ~ [tag resources ezafe3_13]\u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627[\/tag] a\u2019z\u0101<\/em> \u2018members\u2019, [tag resources ezafe3_14]\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621[\/tag] \u0101r\u0101<\/em>\u2019 ~ [tag resources ezafe3_15]\u0622\u0631\u0627[\/tag] \u0101r\u0101<\/em> \u2018votes\u2019, etc.<\/p>\n

In this case, since we are dealing with a final \/\u0101<\/em>\/, naturally we need to use the euphonic [-y<\/em>-] in the ez\u0101fe<\/em> construction, as [tag resources ezafe3_16]\u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0650 \u0628\u062f\u0646[\/tag] a\u2019z\u0101\u2019-e badan<\/em> vs.[tag resources ezafe3_17]\u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u062f\u0646[\/tag] a\u2019z\u0101-ye badan<\/em> \u2018body members (i.e., limbs)\u2019, [tag resources ezafe3_18]\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0650 \u0645\u0627[\/tag] \u0101r\u0101\u2019-e m\u0101<\/em> vs. [tag resources ezafe3_19]\u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0627[\/tag] \u0101r\u0101-ye m\u0101<\/em> \u2018our votes\u2019, etc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This continues the discussion of the ez\u0101fe begun in previous two sections. If in possessive construction, after the silent \/h\/ the personal modifiers are used, the spoken inflection would include an anaptictic \/\u0259\/ (not a full grade \/a\/) between the final \/-e\/ sound (which is represented by the silent \/h\/ in written form) and the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":289,"featured_media":0,"parent":51,"menu_order":12,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-151","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/151","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/289"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=151"}],"version-history":[{"count":73,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/151\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3384,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/151\/revisions\/3384"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/51"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=151"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}