{"id":158,"date":"2008-07-03T14:44:58","date_gmt":"2008-07-03T19:44:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/?page_id=158"},"modified":"2009-04-23T11:19:23","modified_gmt":"2009-04-23T17:19:23","slug":"stress","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/phonology\/stress\/","title":{"rendered":"Stress"},"content":{"rendered":"

In phonetics, stress <\/strong>is a term used to refer to the \u201cdegree of force used in producing a syllable.\u201d It may also concern the emphatic articulation of a word within a sentence, as in: “I must<\/strong> go!”<\/em><\/p>\n

In dealing with words, it may concern a verb<\/a> or one of the following grammatical units: noun<\/a>, adjective<\/a>, preposition<\/a>, etc. Technically, stress might concern more than one syllable, and a sentence or word may get a primary\u2014as well as a secondary\u2014stress. For the sake of simplicity, here only primary stress is discussed.<\/p>\n

NOTE: In the following discussions, |<\/sup><\/strong> = stress.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. In nouns<\/strong><\/em><\/strong>, adjectives<\/em><\/strong>, prepositions<\/em><\/strong>, adverbs<\/em><\/strong>, etc., the stress is invariably on the last syllable of the word, for example, [tag resources Stress_1-07a]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647[\/tag] x\u0101ne<\/em>\u02c8 \u2018house, home,\u2019 [tag resources Stress_1-07b]\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0647[\/tag]madrese<\/em>\u02c8 \u2018school,\u2019 [tag resources Stress_1-07c]\u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af[\/tag] bozo<\/em>\u02c8rg<\/em> \u2018big, great,\u2019 [tag resources Stress_1-08a]\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628[\/tag]xar\u0101<\/em>\u02c8b<\/em> \u2018broken, dysfunctional,\u2019 [tag resources Stress_1-08b]\u0627\u0632[\/tag]a<\/em>\u02c8z<\/em> \u2018of, from,\u2019 [tag resources Stress_1-08c]\u0628\u0627[\/tag]b\u0101<\/em> \u2018with\u2019 (in monosyllabic words the vowel takes the stress, anyway), [tag resources Stress_1-08d]\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627[\/tag]b\u0101l\u0101<\/em>\u02c8 \u2018up, over, above,\u2019 [tag resources Stress_1-09a]\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]p\u0101yi<\/em>\u02c8n<\/em> \u2018down, below.’If an enclitic is added at the end of any of these words, the stress remains on the word, for example, [tag resources Stress_1-12a]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0645[\/tag]
    \nx\u0101ne <\/em>\u02c8- am<\/em> \u2018my house,\u2019 [tag resources Stress_1-12b]\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u06cc[\/tag] ket\u0101<\/em>\u02c8bi<\/em>\u2018a book,\u2019 [tag resources Stress_1-12c]\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0645[\/tag]hasa<\/em>\u02c8n r\u0101 di<\/em>\u02c8dam<\/em> \u2018I saw Hasan,\u2019
    \n[tag resources Stress_1-13a]\u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646[\/tag] ke\u0161va<\/em>\u02c8r-e ir\u0101<\/em>\u02c8n<\/em>\u2018(the country of) Iran\u2019 (this form does not exist in English; but it may be compared with \u201cthe city of Berkeley\u201d vs. \u201cBerkeley\u201d).<\/p>\n

    If a suffix is added, the suffix takes the stress, for example, [tag resources Stress_1-14a]\u062d\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc[\/tag] heyv\u0101<\/em>\u02c8n-e x\u0101ne-gi<\/em>\u02c8 \u2018a house pet,\u2019 [tag resources Stress_1-15a]\u0646\u0635\u06cc\u062d\u062a \u067e\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647[\/tag] nasiha<\/em>\u02c8t-e pedar\u0101ne<\/em>\u02c8 \u2018a fatherly advice,\u2019 [tag resources Stress_1-15b]\u0622\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627[\/tag] \u0101b\u0161\u0101r h\u0101<\/em>\u02c8 \u2018(the) waterfalls,\u2019 [tag resources Stress_1-16a]\u062f\u0631\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646[\/tag]da\/eraxt\u0101<\/em> \u02c8n<\/em> \u2018trees.\u2019<\/li>\n

  2. In<\/em> verbs<\/em><\/strong>, the infinitives of all forms (simple, complex, compound) the stress is on the last syllable, for example,[tag resources Stress_1-21a]\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0646 [\/tag]d\u012bda<\/em>\u02c8n<\/em> \u2018to see,\u2019 [tag resources Stress_1-21b]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646[\/tag]rafta<\/em>\u02c8n<\/em> \u2018to go,\u2019[tag resources Stress_1-21c] \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 [\/tag]bar.d\u0101\u0161ta<\/em>\u02c8n<\/em> \u2018to pick up,\u2019 [tag resources Stress_1-21d]\u06af\u0648\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 [\/tag]gu\u0161 d\u0101da<\/em>\u02c8n<\/em> or [tag resources Stress_1-22a]\u06af\u0648\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 [\/tag] gu\u0161 karda<\/em>\u02c8n<\/em>\u2018to listen.\u2019 The[tag resources Stress_1-23a] \u0645\u06cc [\/tag] m\u012b<\/em> particle takes the stress, for example, [tag resources Stress_1-23b]\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0645 [\/tag]m\u012b<\/em>\u02c8 ravam<\/em> \u2018I go,\u2019 [tag resources Stress_1-23c] \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a[\/tag] m\u012b<\/em>\u02c8 raft<\/em> \u2018(s)he, it was going, used to go.\u2019\n

    In the progressive variation with the auxiliary verb [tag resources Stress_1-25a] \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646[\/tag]d\u0101\u0161tan<\/em>, still [m\u012b<\/em>] takes the stress, for example,[tag resources Stress_1-26a] \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0645[\/tag]d\u0101ram m\u012b<\/em>\u02c8 ravam<\/em> \u2018I am going,\u2019 [tag resources Stress_1-26b]\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag] d\u0101\u0161tam m\u012b<\/em>\u02c8 raftam<\/em> \u2018I was going.\u2019<\/p>\n

    The negative\/preventive [tag resources Stress_1-27a] \ufee8\ufe76[\/tag]na<\/em>– prefix takes the stress, for example,[tag resources Stress_1-27b] \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0645 [\/tag]na<\/em>\u02c8m\u012b ravam<\/em> \u2018I do not go,\u2019 [tag resources Stress_1-28a]\u0646\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a[\/tag]na<\/em>\u02c8 m\u012b raft<\/em> \u2018(s)he, it was not going, was not used to go, used not to go\u2019; [tag resources Stress_1-28b]!\u0646\u0631\u0648 [\/tag]na<\/em>\u02c8ro<\/em> \u2018don\u2019t go!\u2019.<\/p>\n

    The imperative\/subjunctive prefix [tag resources Stress_1-30a] \ufe92[\/tag]be<\/em>– takes the stress, for example, [tag resources Stress_1-30b] !\u0628\u06af\u0648[\/tag]be<\/em>\u02c8g\u016b<\/em>! \u2018say! tell!\u2019;[tag resources Stress_1-31a] \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645 [\/tag]b\u0101yad be<\/em>\u02c8ravam<\/em> \u2018I must go.\u2019<\/p>\n

    In the past tense, the stress is on the vowel of the last syllable of the verbal stem, for example, [tag resources Stress_1-33a] \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag]ra<\/em>\u02c8ftam<\/em> \u2018I went,\u2019 [tag resources Stress_1-33b]\u0628\u0631\u06af\u0634\u062a\u0645[\/tag]barga<\/em>\u02c8\u0161tam<\/em> \u2018I returned.’<\/p>\n

    In compound verbs the stress is invariably on the last syllable of the non-verbal element of the compound, for example, [tag resources Stress_1-35a] !\u067e\u0627\u0634\u0648[\/tag]p\u0101<\/em>\u02c8 \u0161o<\/em> \u2018get up!\u2019 [tag resources Stress_1-35b] \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0645[\/tag]l\u0101ze<\/em>\u02c8m d\u0101ram<\/em> \u2018I need,\u2019 [tag resources Stress_1-36a]\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u062f [\/tag]s\u0101\u2019atam xar\u0101<\/em>\u02c8b \u0161od<\/em> \u2018my watch got broken,\u2019 [tag resources Stress_1-36b]\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0645 [\/tag]zam\u012b<\/em>\u02c8n xordam<\/em> \u2018I fell (down).\u2019<\/p>\n

    In the present and past perfect the past participle takes the stress, for example, [tag resources Stress_1-44a]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0645 [\/tag]rafte<\/em>\u02c8am<\/em> \u2018I have gone,\u2019 [tag resources Stress_1-45a]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0645 [\/tag]rafte<\/em>\u02c8 budam<\/em> \u2018I had gone\u2019; [tag resources Stress_1-41a] \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f [\/tag]madrese r\u0101 baste<\/em>\u02c8 and, amm\u0101 m\u012b \u0161avad az ket\u0101bx\u0101ne-a\u0161 estef\u0101de kard<\/em> \u2018they have closed the school, but it is still possible to use its library\u2019; [tag resources Stress_1-39a] \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f[\/tag]x\u0101ne r\u0101 xar\u0101<\/em>\u02c8b karde b\u016bdand, amm\u0101 han\u016bz ham q\u0101bel-e estef\u0101de b\u016bd<\/em> \u2018they had ruined the house, but it was still useful.\u2019<\/p>\n

    In the classic\/formal variation of the future tense, the auxiliary verb [tag resources Stress_1-46a]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646[\/tag]x\u0101sta<\/em>\u02c8n<\/em> takes the stress on its last syllable, for example, [tag resources Stress_1-47a]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u062a [\/tag]x\u0101ha<\/em>\u02c8m raft<\/em> \u2018I shall go,\u2019 [tag resources Stress_1-47b]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0645\u062f[\/tag]x\u0101h\u012b<\/em>\u02c8d \u0101mad<\/em> plural, \u2018you will come.\u2019 (With a stronger stress [as in \u201cI definitely will…\u201d] definitiveness and inevitability is expressed, for example, [tag resources Stress_1-48a] \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0645\u062f[\/tag]x\u0101hi<\/em>\u02c8\u02c8d \u0101mad <\/em> \u2018you shall<\/em> (definitely) come,\u2019 [tag resources Stress_1-49a]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0622\u0645\u062f [\/tag]x\u0101h\u012b<\/em>\u02c8\u02c8m \u0101mad<\/em> \u2018we will<\/em> positively come.\u2019<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    In phonetics, stress is a term used to refer to the \u201cdegree of force used in producing a syllable.\u201d It may also concern the emphatic articulation of a word within a sentence, as in: “I must go!” In dealing with words, it may concern a verb or one of the following grammatical units: noun, adjective, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":289,"featured_media":0,"parent":52,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-158","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/158","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/289"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=158"}],"version-history":[{"count":90,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/158\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3711,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/158\/revisions\/3711"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/52"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=158"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}