{"id":175,"date":"2008-07-08T13:06:52","date_gmt":"2008-07-08T18:06:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/?page_id=175"},"modified":"2009-04-20T21:56:11","modified_gmt":"2009-04-21T03:56:11","slug":"abstraction-of-substantives","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/adjectives\/abstraction-of-substantives\/","title":{"rendered":"Abstractions"},"content":{"rendered":"

Adjectives and nouns (substantives) are abstracted<\/strong> by the additions of the enclitic [-i<\/em>].\u00a0 An enclitic is a character that has no meaning on its own, until it is joined with another word.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
good \u2192 goodness<\/td>\nxub \u2192 xubi<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources abstractions_01]\u062e\u0648\u0628 \u2190 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
great \u2192 greatness<\/td>\nbozorg \u2192 bozorgi <\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources abstractions_02]\u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u2190 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
man \u2192 manhood<\/td>\nmard \u2192 mardi <\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources abstractions_03]\u0645\u0631\u062f \u2190 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
friend \u2192 friendship<\/td>\ndeust \u2192 deusti <\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources abstractions_04]\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a \u2190 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

As you see, the Persian suffix of abstraction<\/strong> [-i<\/em>] may be compared with the English suffixes of state or quality ([-ness<\/em>], ‘happiness,’ [-ship<\/em>] ‘friendship’), rank and domain ([-dom<\/em>], ‘dukedom,’ ‘kingdom’), or state, condition, classification ([-hood<\/em>], ‘fatherhood,’ ‘priesthood’):<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
happy \u2192 happiness<\/td>\nxo\u0161h\u0101l \u2192 xo\u0161h\u0101li<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources abstractions_05]\u062e\u0648\u0634\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u2190 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
leader \u2192 leadership<\/td>\nrahbar \u2192 rahbari<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources abstractions_06]\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0631 \u2190 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0631\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
king \u2192 kingdom<\/td>\n\u0161ah \u2192 \u0161ahi<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources abstractions_07]\u0634\u0627\u0647 \u2190 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
brother \u2192 brotherhood<\/td>\nbar\u0101dar \u2192 bar\u0101dari<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources abstractions_08]\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u2190 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0631\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In addition, it also determines office, utilization:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
fire fighter \u2192 fire department<\/td>\n\u0101ta\u0161 ne\u0161\u0101n \u2192 \u0101ta\u0161 ne\u0161\u0101ni<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources abstractions_09]\u0622\u062a\u0634 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u2190 \u0622\u062a\u0634 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
book seller \u2192 book store<\/td>\nket\u0101bforu\u0161 \u2192 ket\u0101bforu\u0161i<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources abstractions_10]\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0634 \u2190 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0634\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
chief of police (literally, ‘the protector of the city’)
\n \u2192 police headquarters<\/td>\n		\u0161ahrb\u0101n \u2192 \u0161ahreb\u0101ni<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources abstractions_11]\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u2190 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
sheriff \u2192 precinct, police department<\/td>\nkal\u0101ntar \u2192 kal\u0101ntari<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources abstractions_12]\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631 \u2190 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mayor \u2192 mayor’s office<\/td>\n\u0161ahrd\u0101r \u2192 \u0161ahrd\u0101ri<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources abstractions_13]\u0634\u0647\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u2190 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
launderer \u2192 washing machine<\/td>\nraxt\u0161u \u2192 m\u0101\u0161in-e raxt\u0161ui<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources abstractions_14]\u0631\u062e\u062a\u0634\u0648 \u2190 \u0645\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u062e\u062a\u0634\u0648\u06cc\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
dishwasher \u2192 dishwashing machine<\/td>\nzarf\u0161u \u2192 m\u0101\u0161in-e zarf\u0161ui<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources abstractions_15]\u0638\u0631\u0641\u0634\u0648 \u2190 \u0645\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0641\u0634\u0648\u06cc\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
to eat \u2192 tablespoon (literally, ‘eating spoon’)<\/td>\n\u03b3az\u0101 xordan \u2192 q\u0101\u0161oq-e \u03b3az\u0101 xori<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources abstractions_16]\u063a\u0630\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u2190 \u0642\u0627\u0634\u0642 \u063a\u0630\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
fork \u2192 desert-fork (literally, ‘fruit-eating fork’)<\/td>\ncang\u0101l \u2192 cang\u0101l-e mive xori<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources abstractions_17]\u0686\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0644 \u2190 \u0686\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In dealing with the terminal vowels this \u06cc keeps to the following orthographic and euphonic rules:<\/p>\n

After the long [\u0101<\/em>] and long [u<\/em>] an euphonic [y<\/em>] intervenes:<\/p>\n

[tag resources abstractions_18]\u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627 \u2190 \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u06cc[\/tag]
\nzib\u0101 \u2192 zib\u0101i<\/em>
\n\u2018beautiful, pretty\u2019 \u2192 \u2018beauty\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources abstractions_19]\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u2190 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc[\/tag]
\nd\u0101n\u0101 \u2192 d\u0101n\u0101i<\/em>
\n\u2018learned; wise, sagacious\u2019 \u2192 \u2018wisdom; knowledge\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources abstractions_20]\u0638\u0631\u0641\u0634\u0648 \u2190 \u0645\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0641\u0634\u0648\u06cc\u06cc[\/tag]
\nzarf\u0161u \u2192 m\u0101\u0161in-e zarf\u0161ui<\/em>
\n\u2018dishwasher\u2019 \u2192 \u2018dishwashing machine\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources abstractions_21]\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u2190 \u0632\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u06cc[\/tag]
\nz\u0101nu \u2192 z\u0101nui<\/em>
\n\u2018knee\u2019 \u2192 \u2018knee-shaped, a goose-neck, sleeve-coupling, a siphon\u2019<\/h5>\n

Normally adjectives with a final [i<\/em>] are already a result of this construction, to begin with; such as., \u06a9\u0627\u0631 , noun<\/em> \u2018work, deed, job\u2019 \u2192 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc, adjective<\/em> \u2018effective; efficient, hard-working.\u2019 Therefore they usually do not take this \u201d\u06cc\u201c enclitic; instead they are used in a phrasal construction with the verb “to be”:<\/p>\n

[tag resources abstractions_22]\u063a\u0646\u06cc \u2190 \u063a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646[\/tag]
\n\u03b3ani \u2192 \u03b3ani budan<\/em>
\n\u2018rich\u2019 \u2192 \u2018being rich, richness\u2019<\/p>\n

[tag resources abstractions_23]\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u2190 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646[\/tag]
\nk\u0101ri \u2192 k\u0101ri budan<\/em>
\n\u2018effective; efficient, hard-working\u2019 \u2192 \u2018effectiveness; efficiency\u2019<\/h5>\n

Since in words of Persian origin the terminal [-e<\/em>] (the silent \/h<\/em>, that is) represents the historical development an [-ag<\/em>] suffix, in the process of abstraction the [-g<\/em>] is reintroduced as a (sort of) means of euphony, which replaces the terminal [-e<\/em>] and orthographically, the [-h<\/em>]:<\/p>\n

[tag resources abstractions_24]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u2190 \u0628\u0686\u0651\u06af\u06cc[\/tag]
\nbacce \u2192 baccegi<\/em>
\n\u2018child\u2019 \u2192 \u2018childhood; childishness\u2019
\n[tag resources abstractions_25]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u2190 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc[\/tag]
\nx\u0101ne \u2192 x\u0101negi<\/em>
\n\u2018house, home\u2019 \u2192 \u2018belonging to the household\u2019<\/h5>\n

An abstracted adjective could be used in the phrase \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\/\u0622\u0646…\u0640\u06cc be in\/\u0101n<\/em> abstracted adjective. i<\/em> as the Persian counterpart for the English ‘so + adjective’ or ‘such a + adjective’ phrase:<\/p>\n

[tag resources abstractions_26]\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0632\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u062f\u061f[\/tag]
\nbe in zudi miravid?<\/em>
\n“Are you going so soon?”<\/p>\n

[tag resources abstractions_27]\u0645\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0645[\/tag]
\nmardi be in xubi nadide budam<\/em>
\n“I have never seen such a good man.”<\/h5>\n

An abstracted adjective could be used in the phrase \u0628\u0647…\u0640\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646\/\u0622\u0646 be<\/em> abstr. adj. + –e in<\/em>\/\u0101n<\/em> as the Persian counterpart for the English \u201cas\u2026as\u2026\u201d:<\/p>\n

[tag resources abstractions_28]\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nin be xubi-ye \u0101n nist<\/em>
\n“This is not as good as that.”<\/p>\n

[tag resources abstractions_29]\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\n\u0101n m\u0101\u0161in be bozorgi-ye in nist<\/em>
\n“That car is not as big as this (one).”<\/h5>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Adjectives and nouns (substantives) are abstracted by the additions of the enclitic [-i].\u00a0 An enclitic is a character that has no meaning on its own, until it is joined with another word. good \u2192 goodness xub \u2192 xubi [tag resources abstractions_01]\u062e\u0648\u0628 \u2190 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc[\/tag] great \u2192 greatness bozorg \u2192 bozorgi [tag resources abstractions_02]\u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u2190 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u06cc[\/tag] man […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":289,"featured_media":0,"parent":45,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-175","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/175","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/289"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=175"}],"version-history":[{"count":50,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/175\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3589,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/175\/revisions\/3589"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/45"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=175"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}