{"id":48,"date":"2008-06-26T16:13:26","date_gmt":"2008-06-26T21:13:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/?page_id=48"},"modified":"2016-12-02T16:30:53","modified_gmt":"2016-12-02T22:30:53","slug":"pronouns","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/pronouns\/","title":{"rendered":"Pronouns"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pronouns<\/strong> take the place of a proper noun, such as names of persons, places, or things.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
I<\/td>\nman<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources pronouns_01]\u0645\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
you, thou<\/td>\nt\u00f3 (singular)<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources pronouns_02]\u062a\u0648[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
he, she<\/td>\nu<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources pronouns_03]\u0627\u0648[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
we<\/td>\nm\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources pronouns_04]\u0645\u0627[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
you<\/td>\n\u0161om\u0101 (plural)<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources pronouns_05]\u0634\u0645\u0627[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
they<\/td>\n\u0101nh\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources pronouns_06]\u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

We will focus first on personal pronouns, i.e., the ones used for people.<\/p>\n

\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0631
\nzamir<\/em>
\n\u2018pronoun\u2019<\/h5>\n

\u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc
\n\u0161axsi<\/em>
\n\u2018personal\u2019<\/p>\n

Unlike in English, in Persian we do not call these pronouns subject pronoun<\/em> because all of these pronouns may function as either the subject or object of a sentence. We also use them in possessive constructions<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Compare and contrast the Persian and English pronouns in the following sentences:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
I went.<\/td>\nman raftam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources pronouns_07].\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
He saw me.<\/td>\nu man ra did<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources pronouns_08].\u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
This is my book.<\/td>\nin ketab-e man ast<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources pronouns_09].\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
This book belongs to me.<\/td>\nin ketab m\u0101l-e man ast<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources pronouns_10] .\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

As you can see, in Persian[tag resources pronouns_11] \u0645\u0646 [\/tag] man<\/em> stays constant, while in English the pronoun (‘I,’ ‘me,’ ‘my’) changes according to the case.<\/p>\n

Persian employs the second-person plural[tag resources pronouns_12] \u0634\u0645\u0627 [\/tag] \u0161om\u0101 <\/em> instead of the singular [tag resources pronouns_13] \u062a\u0648 [\/tag] t\u00f3 <\/em> as a sign of respect. Consider, for example, the French vous<\/em> instead of tu<\/em> and the Spanish usted<\/em> instead of tu<\/em>.<\/p>\n

In colloquial Persian, the third-person plural pronoun[tag resources pronouns_14] \u0627\u06cc\u0634\u0627\u0646 [\/tag] i\u0161\u0101n<\/em> is used exclusively as a polite\/formal variant of the third-person singular. In written materials, however, it may be used instead of[tag resources pronouns_15] \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 [\/tag] \u0101nh\u0101<\/em>. Therefore, in the written language both[tag resources pronouns_16] \u0627\u06cc\u0634\u0627\u0646 [\/tag] i\u0161\u0101n<\/em> and[tag resources pronouns_17] \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 [\/tag] \u0101nh\u0101<\/em> might represent ‘they.’<\/p>\n

The first-person plural[tag resources pronouns_18] \u0645\u0627 [\/tag] m\u0101<\/em> is also used in place of the first-person singular [tag resources pronouns_19] \u0645\u0646 [\/tag] man<\/em> as an expression of humility, especially when a younger person or a person of an inferior status speaks to someone older or from a higher status.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pronouns take the place of a proper noun, such as names of persons, places, or things. I man [tag resources pronouns_01]\u0645\u0646[\/tag] you, thou t\u00f3 (singular) [tag resources pronouns_02]\u062a\u0648[\/tag] he, she u [tag resources pronouns_03]\u0627\u0648[\/tag] we m\u0101 [tag resources pronouns_04]\u0645\u0627[\/tag] you \u0161om\u0101 (plural) [tag resources pronouns_05]\u0634\u0645\u0627[\/tag] they \u0101nh\u0101 [tag resources pronouns_06]\u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627[\/tag] We will focus first on […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":289,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-48","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/48","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/289"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=48"}],"version-history":[{"count":32,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/48\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4524,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/48\/revisions\/4524"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=48"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}