{"id":55,"date":"2008-06-26T16:33:55","date_gmt":"2008-06-26T21:33:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/?page_id=55"},"modified":"2009-05-07T10:54:01","modified_gmt":"2009-05-07T16:54:01","slug":"initial-medial-final-and-freestanding-letters","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/the-writing-system\/initial-medial-final-and-freestanding-letters\/","title":{"rendered":"Connecting Characters"},"content":{"rendered":"

It must be understood that there are four types of connecting characters for each letter: Freestanding, Initial, Medial, and Final. There is no capitalization in Persian: there are no upper or lower cases. However, when characters are within a word, some have to be attached to their preceding and\/or following characters, while others do not connect together, according to where they appear in a word. <\/p>\n

In the following list, click on the transcription to see a pop up window with larger examples of each character set, and then click on the Persian words to hear vocabulary examples for Initial, Medial, Final, and Freestanding placements (indicated in red<\/span>):<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Final<\/strong><\/td>\nMedial<\/strong><\/td>\nInitial<\/strong><\/td>\nFreestanding<\/strong><\/td>\nCharacter Name
\nTranscribed<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0622<\/td>\n\u0622 \/ \u0640\u0622<\/td>\n\u0622<\/td>\n~ + \u0622 = \u0627\u0644\u0641<\/td>\naa<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u0627<\/td>\n\u0640\u0627<\/td>\n\u0627<\/td>\n\u0627<\/td>\nalef<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u0628<\/td>\n\u0640\u0628\u0640<\/td>\n\u0628\u0640<\/td>\n\u0628<\/td>\nbe<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u067e<\/td>\n\u0640\u067e\u0640<\/td>\n\u067e\u0640<\/td>\n\u067e<\/td>\npe<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u062a<\/td>\n\u0640\u062a\u0640<\/td>\n\u062a\u0640<\/td>\n\u062a<\/td>\nte<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u062b<\/td>\n\u0640\u062b\u0640<\/td>\n\u062b\u0640<\/td>\n\u062b<\/td>\nse<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u062c<\/td>\n\u0640\u062c\u0640<\/td>\n\u062c\u0640<\/td>\n\u062c<\/td>\njim<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u0686<\/td>\n\u0640\u0686\u0640<\/td>\n\u0686\u0640<\/td>\n\u0686<\/td>\nche<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u062d<\/td>\n\u0640\u062d\u0640<\/td>\n\u062d\u0640<\/td>\n\u062d<\/td>\nhe<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u062e<\/td>\n\u0640\u062e\u0640<\/td>\n\u062e\u0640<\/td>\n\u062e<\/td>\nkh<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u062f<\/td>\n\u0640\u062f<\/td>\n\u062f<\/td>\n\u062f<\/td>\ndaal<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u0630<\/td>\n\u0640\u0630<\/td>\n\u0630<\/td>\n\u0630<\/td>\nzaal<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u0631<\/td>\n\u0640\u0631<\/td>\n\u0631<\/td>\n\u0631<\/td>\nre<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u0632<\/td>\n\u0640\u0632<\/td>\n\u0632<\/td>\n\u0632<\/td>\nze<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u0698<\/td>\n\u0640\u0698<\/td>\n\u0698<\/td>\n\u0698<\/td>\nzhe<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u0633<\/td>\n\u0640\u0633\u0640<\/td>\n\u0633\u0640<\/td>\n\u0633<\/td>\nsin<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u0634<\/td>\n\u0640\u0634\u0640<\/td>\n\u0634\u0640<\/td>\n\u0634<\/td>\nshin<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u0635<\/td>\n\u0640\u0635\u0640<\/td>\n\u0635\u0640<\/td>\n\u0635<\/td>\nsaad<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u0636<\/td>\n\u0640\u0636\u0640<\/td>\n\u0636\u0640<\/td>\n\u0636<\/td>\nzaad<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u0637<\/td>\n\u0640\u0637\u0640<\/td>\n\u0637\u0640<\/td>\n\u0637<\/td>\ntaa<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u0638<\/td>\n\u0640\u0638\u0640<\/td>\n\u0638\u0640<\/td>\n\u0638<\/td>\nzaa<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u0639<\/td>\n\u0640\u0639\u0640<\/td>\n\u0639\u0640<\/td>\n\u0639<\/td>\neyn<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u063a<\/td>\n\u0640\u063a\u0640<\/td>\n\u063a\u0640<\/td>\n\u063a<\/td>\ngheyn<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u0641<\/td>\n\u0640\u0641\u0640<\/td>\n\u0641\u0640<\/td>\n\u0641<\/td>\nfe<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u0642<\/td>\n\u0640\u0642\u0640<\/td>\n\u0642\u0640<\/td>\n\u0642<\/td>\nqaaf<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u06a9<\/td>\n\u0640\u06a9\u0640<\/td>\n\u06a9\u0640<\/td>\n\u06a9<\/td>\nkaaf<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u06af<\/td>\n\u0640\u06af\u0640<\/td>\n\u06af\u0640<\/td>\n\u06af<\/td>\ngaaf<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u0644<\/td>\n\u0640\u0644\u0640<\/td>\n\u0644\u0640<\/td>\n\u0644<\/td>\nlaam<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u0645<\/td>\n\u0640\u0645\u0640<\/td>\n\u0645\u0640<\/td>\n\u0645<\/td>\nmim<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u0646<\/td>\n\u0640\u0646\u0640<\/td>\n\u0646\u0640<\/td>\n\u0646<\/td>\nnun<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u0648<\/td>\n\u0640\u0648<\/td>\n\u0648<\/td>\n\u0648<\/td>\nvaav<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u0647<\/td>\n\u0640\u0647\u0640<\/td>\n\u0647\u0640<\/td>\n\u0647<\/td>\nhe<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0640\u06cc<\/td>\n\u0640\u06cc\u0640<\/td>\n\u06cc\u0640<\/td>\n\u06cc<\/td>\nye<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/font>
\nThere are seven characters which can be connected to a preceding character, but do not connect to a following character (see below). These characters are:<\/p>\n

[tag resources connectingcharacters_01]\u0627[\/tag] \t[tag resources connectingcharacters_02] \u062f[\/tag] \t[tag resources connectingcharacters_03] \u0630[\/tag] \t[tag resources connectingchar_01]\u0631[\/tag] \t[tag resources connectingchar_02a]\u0632[\/tag] \t[tag resources connectingcharacters_06]\u0698[\/tag] \t[tag resources connectingcharacters_07] \u0648[\/tag]<\/h5>\n

In addition:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • The only time that the characters are used in freestanding forms is in an alphabet chart, in cross-word puzzles, car license plates, etc.<\/li>\n
  • The initial and medial \u0646 nun<\/em> \u201cn\u201d and \u06cc ye<\/em> \u201ci\/y\u201d are the same as[tag resources connectingcharacters_10] \u062a [\/tag],[tag resources connectingcharacters_09]\u067e [\/tag],[tag resources connectingcharacters_08]\u0628[\/tag], and[tag resources connectingcharacters_11] \u062b [\/tag]in shape and the only difference is the number of the dots for each character: nun<\/em> takes one dot at the top and ye<\/em> takes two dots underneath it.<\/li>\n
  • The combination of[tag resources connectingcharacters_12] \u0644 [\/tag]and[tag resources connectingcharacters_13] \u0627\u0644\u0641 [\/tag]is always the ligature[tag resources connectingcharacters_14] \u0644\u0627[\/tag], not \u0644\u0640\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    It must be understood that there are four types of connecting characters for each letter: Freestanding, Initial, Medial, and Final. There is no capitalization in Persian: there are no upper or lower cases. However, when characters are within a word, some have to be attached to their preceding and\/or following characters, while others do not […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":289,"featured_media":0,"parent":53,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-55","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/55","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/289"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=55"}],"version-history":[{"count":103,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/55\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4280,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/55\/revisions\/4280"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/53"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=55"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}