{"id":59,"date":"2008-06-26T16:40:14","date_gmt":"2008-06-26T21:40:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/?page_id=59"},"modified":"2009-05-07T10:10:04","modified_gmt":"2009-05-07T16:10:04","slug":"hamze","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/the-writing-system\/hamze\/","title":{"rendered":"Hamze"},"content":{"rendered":"

[tag resources Madd-1-20b]Hamze<\/em>[\/tag] (Arabic hamza<\/em>) is a glottal stop, exclusive to the Arabic loanwords (more in Phonology<\/a>). It is pronounced very close to the Cockney pronunciation of \/t<\/em>\/ in the word “bottle”; e.g., [tag resources Hamze-1-05a]\u0634\u06cc\u0621[\/tag] \u0161ey\u2019<\/em> \u2018thing, an object.\u2019<\/p>\n

While in Arabic hamza<\/em> takes a “seat” (Arabic kursi<\/em>; Persian korsi<\/em>) as an alef<\/em> in the initial position (i.e., ,\u0625 ,\u0623), in Persian a mere alef<\/em> represents an initial hamze<\/em>; e.g., [tag resources Hamze-1-09a]\u0627\u062b\u0631[\/tag] asar<\/em> (Arabic \u0623\u062b\u0631 a\u03d1ar<\/em>) \u2018impression, effect, trace.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n

It must be noted that in Persian, any initial vowel or diphthong is accompanied by an alef<\/em>:
\n[tag resources Hamze-1-11a]\u0627\u0650\u06cc\u0640[\/tag], [tag resources Hamze-1-11b]\u0627\u064f\u0648[\/tag], [tag resources Hamze-1-11c]\u0627\u06cc\u0640[\/tag], [tag resources Hamze-1-11d]\u0627\u0648[\/tag], [tag resources Hamze-1-11e]\u0622[\/tag], [tag resources Hamze-1-11f]\u0627\u064f[\/tag], [tag resources Hamze-1-11g]\u0627\u0650[\/tag], [tag resources Hamze-1-11h]\u0627\u064e[\/tag] = a-<\/em>, e-<\/em>, o-<\/em>, \u0101-<\/em> (= aa-<\/em>), u-<\/em>, i-<\/em>, ow<\/em>, ey<\/em>. For instance:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
cloud<\/td>\nabr<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Hamze-1-14a]\u0627\u0628\u0631[\/tag]<\/td>\nhorse<\/td>\nasb<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Hamze-1-14b]\u0627\u0633\u0628[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
name<\/td>\nesm<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Hamze-1-15a]\u0627\u0633\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nbeginning<\/td>\nebted\u0101’<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Hamze-1-15b]\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
act of falling<\/td>\noft<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Hamze-1-16a]\u0627\u0641\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\nfamiliarity<\/td>\nons<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Hamze-1-16b]\u0627\u0646\u0633[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
water<\/td>\n\u0101b<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Hamze-1-17a]\u0622\u0628[\/tag]<\/td>\nfire<\/td>\n\u0101ta\u0161<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Hamze-1-17b]\u0622\u062a\u0634[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
he, she<\/td>\nu<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Hamze-1-18a]\u0627\u0648[\/tag]<\/td>\nouch!<\/td>\nukh<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Hamze-1-18b]!\u0627\u0648\u062e[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Iran<\/td>\nir\u0101n<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Hamze-1-19a]\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\nthis<\/td>\nin<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Hamze-1-19b]\u0627\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
situation<\/td>\nowz\u0101’<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Hamze-1-20a]\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639[\/tag]<\/td>\nculmination<\/td>\nowj<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Hamze-1-20b]\u0627\u0648\u062c[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
also<\/td>\neyzan<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Hamze-1-21a]\u0627\u0650\u06cc\u0636\u0627\u064b[\/tag]<\/td>\nprovince<\/td>\ney\u0101lat<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Hamze-1-21b]\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In the medial position hamze is a carrier and the procedure is as follows:<\/p>\n

If the hamze <\/em> is preceded by a fathe<\/em>; that is, an \/a<\/em>\/ (not necessarily immediately), the korsi<\/em> would be an alef<\/em>; e.g., [tag resources Hamze-1-25a]\u0631\u0623\u06cc[\/tag] ra<\/em>\u2019y<\/em> \u2018opinion, a vote,\u2019 [tag resources Hamze-1-25b]\u0645\u064e\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0647[\/tag] mas<\/em>\u2019ale<\/em> \u2018a problem.\u2019 (Occasionally some Persian writers use a notch instead, as \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0647. It is so common a mistake that the same author may use both variations.)<\/p>\n

If the hamze<\/em> is preceded by a kasre<\/em> (that is, an \/e<\/em>\/), a long [\u0101<\/em>], or if it is in initial form (that is, in the medial position, but after \u0648 , \u0698 , \u0632 , \u0631 , \u0630 , \u062f , \u0627 ), the korsi<\/em> is a notch; e.g., [tag resources Hamze-1-31a]\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647[\/tag] z\u0101<\/em>\u2019ede<\/em> \u2018a process, protuberance,\u2019 [tag resources Hamze-1-31b]\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647[\/tag] f\u0101<\/em>\u2019ede<\/em> \u2018profit, gain, use,\u2019 [tag resources Hamze-1-32a]\u0627\u0650\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641[\/tag] e<\/em>\u2019tel\u0101f<\/em> \u2018alliance, coalition,\u2019 [tag resources Hamze-1-32b]\u0627\u0650\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0635\u0627\u0644[\/tag] este<\/em>\u2019s\u0101l<\/em> \u2018extreme helplessness,\u2019 [tag resources Hamze-1-33a]\u0627\u0650\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641[\/tag] este<\/em>\u2019n\u0101f<\/em> \u2018appeal.\u2019<\/p>\n

In Persian, a hamze<\/em> of the section [b<\/strong>] type is usually normalized as \u06cc\u0640; for example:<\/p>\n

[tag resources Hamze-1-36a]\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647[\/tag] ~ f\u0101yede<\/em>[tag resources Hamze-1-36b]\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647[\/tag]
\n[tag resources Hamze-1-36c]\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647[\/tag] ~ z\u0101yede<\/em>[tag resources Hamze-1-36d]\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647[\/tag]
\n[tag resources Hamze-1-36e]\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641[\/tag] ~ estin\u0101f<\/em>[tag resources Hamze-1-36f]\u0627\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0641[\/tag]
\n[tag resources Hamze-1-36h]\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0635\u0627\u0644[\/tag] ~ estis\u0101l<\/em>[tag resources Hamze-1-36g]\u0627\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0635\u0627\u0644[\/tag]<\/h5>\n

If hamze<\/em> is preceded by a zamme<\/em> (that is, an \/o<\/em>\/), the korsi<\/em> would be a \u0648 (v\u0101v<\/em>); e.g., [tag resources Hamze-1-40a]\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644[\/tag] so<\/em>\u2019\u0101l<\/em> \u2018question.\u2019 Occasionally some writers with a limited orthographic knowledge add a notch before the \u0648 , as \u0633\u0626\u0648\u0627\u0644; it is important to understand that this variation is incorrect. A notch is used only in the following situation: When this hamze<\/em> (\u0624) is followed by a \u0648, the \u0624 is replaced by a notch; e.g., [tag resources Hamze-2-03a]\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646[\/tag] \u0161o<\/em>\u2019\u016bn<\/em> (plural of [tag resources Hamze-2-03b]\u0634\u0623\u0646[\/tag] \u0161a<\/em>\u2019n<\/em> \u2018rank; dignity\u2019).<\/p>\n

In terminal position hamze<\/em> does not take a korsi<\/em> and always stands alone; e.g., [tag resources Hamze-2-06a]\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639[\/tag] ebd\u0101<\/em>\u2019 \u2018creation, innovation,\u2019 [tag resources Hamze-2-06b]\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621[\/tag] ebted\u0101<\/em>\u2019 \u2018the beginning,\u2019 [tag resources Hamze-2-07a]\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621[\/tag] eml\u0101<\/em>\u2019 \u2018dictation,\u2019 [tag resources Hamze-2-07b]\u0634\u06cc\u0621[\/tag] \u0161ey<\/em>\u2019 \u2018thing, an object.\u2019<\/p>\n

It must be understood that hamze<\/em> is exclusive to Arabic, and words of Persian origin do not take hamze<\/em>. Therefore, writing the Persian word [tag resources Hamze-2-10a]\u0622\u06cc\u06cc\u0646[\/tag] \u0101yin<\/em> \u2018ritual, custom, ceremony\u2019 for instance as \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u0646 is incorrect.<\/p>\n

The same is true in the case of the euphonic [y<\/em>] used when the Indefinite [i<\/em>] follows a long [\u0101<\/em>], long [\u016b<\/em>], or the silent \/h<\/em>\/; for example:<\/p>\n

[tag resources Hamze-2-13a]\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f[\/tag]p\u0101i boland<\/em> ‘long leg’, never \u067e\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f
\n[tag resources Hamze-2-14a]\u0645\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627[\/tag] mui zib\u0101<\/em> ‘beautiful hair’, never \u0645\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627
\n[tag resources Hamze-2-14b]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af[\/tag]x\u0101nei bozorg<\/em> ‘big house’, never \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0626\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af<\/h5>\n

In the case of the silent \/h<\/em>\/, the variation \u0627\u06cc may be\u2014and is widely\u2014used; as in:<\/p>\n

\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af
\nx\u0101nei bozorg<\/em>
\n‘big house’
\n\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9
\nbaccei kucak<\/em>
\n‘small child\/kid’<\/h5>\n

In Persian it is very common to find writers who, as a result of over compensation, confuse the \u0626\u0640 and the \u06cc\u0640, such that even such words (of Arabic origin) as [tag resources Hamze-2-22a]\u0631\u0626\u06cc\u0633[\/tag] ra<\/em>\u2019is<\/em> \u2018chief, principal, head master, etc.\u2019 is occasionally written as \u0631\u06cc\u06cc\u0633. If we understand that the hamze<\/em> is exclusive to Arabic, then we would not have any problem whatsoever. Words such as [tag resources Hamze-2-22b]\u063a\u0627\u0626\u06cc[\/tag] ,\u0631\u0626\u06cc\u0633 \u03b3\u0101<\/em>\u2019i<\/em> \u2018final,\u2019 etc. must be written with the hamze<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Remember that hamze<\/em> is a consonant, hence, in any context, especially in the ez\u0101fe<\/em> construction (possessive or adjectival), hamze<\/em> must be treated as a consonant. Therefore: [tag resources Hamze-2-30a]\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0648\u0628[\/tag] \u2018(a) good (written) composition,\u2019 not \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0628 and \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0645, not \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0645 (this is yet another form of over compensation similar to writing \u06cc\u0640 for \u0626\u0640).<\/p>\n

In colloquial Persian, a final hamze<\/em> is normally elided. In this case, the word is treated as one ending in a vowel (the vowel preceding the hamze<\/em>) and in ez\u0101fe<\/em> construction, an euphonic \/y<\/em>\/ is used with them; e.g., [tag resources Hamze-2-34a]\u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621[\/tag] a<\/em>\u2019z\u0101<\/em>\u2019 \u2018members\u2019 would give \u2026\u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc a:z\u0101-ye<\/em>\u2026, and [tag resources Hamze-2-35a]\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639[\/tag] ertef\u0101<\/em>\u2019 \u2018height\u2019 would give \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062e\u062a ertef\u0101-ye in deraxt<\/em> \u2018the height of this tree.\u2019 This, however, should not be used in written\/formal material or in a well articulated and sophisticated speech.<\/p>\n

Words may have a combination of [tag resources ps Madd-1-18d]\u0645\u062f\u0651[\/tag] ,[tag resources ps Madd-1-18c]\u062a\u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f[\/tag] ,[tag resources ps Madd-1-18b]\u0647\u0645\u0632\u0647[\/tag] ,[tag resources ps Madd-1-18a]\u062a\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0646[\/tag] ; e.g.: [tag resources Madd-1-18e]\u0627\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u064b[\/tag], in which the \u0648 is mo\u0161addad<\/em> (\u2018having ta\u0161did<\/em>\u2019; i.e., \u2018geminated\u2019), and the terminal alef<\/em> has tanvin<\/em>; [tag resources Hamze-2-40a]\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631[\/tag], in which there is a combination of hamze<\/em> and ta\u0161did<\/em>, etc.<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0645\u0632\u0647 and \u062a\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0646 are exclusive to Arabic<\/em><\/strong> and they may not be used in words of Persian origin. Hence, the erroneous, rather illiterate and unsophisticated usage of such words as \u062f\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u2018secondly,\u2019 with the Persian number \u062f\u0648, is merely based on analogy with \u0627\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u064b\u2014a word of Arabic origin. In this case, either the Arabic adverbs [tag resources Hamze-2-45c]\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b[\/tag] ,[tag resources Hamze-2-45b]\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b[\/tag] ,[tag resources Hamze-2-45a]\u062b\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u064b[\/tag] must be used, or, otherwise, the Persian numbers must be used as follows: [tag resources Hamze-2-46a]\u0646\u062e\u0633\u062a[\/tag] naxost, noxost<\/em> \u2018first, firstly,\u2019 [tag resources Hamze-3-01a]\u062f\u0648\u0645[\/tag] dovom<\/em> \u2018second, secondly,\u2019 [tag resources Hamze-3-01b]\u0633\u0648\u0645[\/tag] sevom<\/em> \u2018third, thirdly,\u2019 [tag resources Hamze-3-01c]\u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0645[\/tag] cah\u0101rom<\/em> \u2018fourth, fourthly,\u2019 etc.<\/p>\n

Also, bear in mind that the \u0648 in Persian numbers \u062f\u0648\u0645 dovom<\/em> and \u0633\u0648\u0645 sevom<\/em> must not be geminated. Therefore, the common pronunciation of these words as [tag resources Hamze-3-04a]\u062f\u0648\u0651\u0645[\/tag] dovvom<\/em> and [tag resources Hamze-3-04b]\u0633\u0648\u0651\u0645[\/tag] sevvom<\/em> is only on analogy with the geminated \u0648 in the Arabic \u0627\u0648\u0651\u0644 awwal<\/em> \u2018first\u2019 and \u0627\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u064b awwalan<\/em> \u2018firstly\u2019 (Persian avval<\/em>, avvalan<\/em>) (that is to say, dovom<\/em> and sevom<\/em>, without a geminated [v<\/em>] are the correct pronunciations).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[tag resources Madd-1-20b]Hamze[\/tag] (Arabic hamza) is a glottal stop, exclusive to the Arabic loanwords (more in Phonology). It is pronounced very close to the Cockney pronunciation of \/t\/ in the word “bottle”; e.g., [tag resources Hamze-1-05a]\u0634\u06cc\u0621[\/tag] \u0161ey\u2019 \u2018thing, an object.\u2019 While in Arabic hamza takes a “seat” (Arabic kursi; Persian korsi) as an alef in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":289,"featured_media":0,"parent":53,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-59","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/59","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/289"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=59"}],"version-history":[{"count":41,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/59\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4261,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/59\/revisions\/4261"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/53"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=59"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}