{"id":62,"date":"2008-06-26T16:43:12","date_gmt":"2008-06-26T21:43:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/?page_id=62"},"modified":"2009-05-27T12:24:35","modified_gmt":"2009-05-27T18:24:35","slug":"tasdid","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/the-writing-system\/tasdid\/","title":{"rendered":"Ta\u0161did"},"content":{"rendered":"

[tag resources tasdid-1-43c]Ta\u0161did<\/em>,[\/tag] \u062a\u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f literally, \u2018gemination,’ is sometimes called “doubling.” In Persian, when in a single morpheme (word) a segment of adjacent identical consonants occurs (that is, a consonantal sound followed by a similar consonantal sound in a following syllable, creating a cluster; as in, [bb], [cc], [dd], etc.), and the segment is followed by a vowel (V) (that is, [bbV], [ccV], [ddV], etc.), a gemination<\/em> occurs. In the Perso-Arabic writing system, the two sounds are contracted\u2014that is to say, only one is written\u2014and a [ \u0651 ] sign, called ta\u0161did<\/em> (\u0161adda<\/em> in Arabic, which literally means \u2018to intensify\u2019), is placed over the character as a (sort of) diacritic. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
the prophet of Islam, name for men<\/td>\n\nMohammad<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources tasdid-1-11a]\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
painter, image maker<\/td>\n\nNaqq\u0101\u0161<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources tasdid-1-12a]\u0646\u0642\u0651\u0627\u0634[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ink<\/td>\n\nMorakkab<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources tasdid-1-13a]\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0651\u0628[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Occasionally in both Arabic and Persian ta\u0161did<\/em> may occur terminally; as in, [tag resources tasdid-1-15a]\u0647\u0645\u0651[\/tag] hamm<\/em>, Arabic for \u2018care, solicitude,\u2019 [tag resources tasdid-1-16a]\u062d\u06cc\u0651[\/tag] hayy<\/em>, Arab for \u2018alive,\u2019 [tag resources tasdid-1-16b]\u0641\u0631\u0651[\/tag] farr<\/em>, Persian \u2018fortune, glory, splendor.’ While this occurrence is normal in Arabic, it is very rare in Persian; for, as was explained, under normal circumstances, the segment must be followed by a vowel (which obviously is impossible in a final position); as in, [tag resources tasdid-1-19a]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647[\/tag] bacce<\/em> \u2018child,\u2019 [tag resources tasdid-1-19b]\u0641\u0631\u0651\u062e[\/tag] farrox<\/em> \u2018fortunate, blessed, happy.’ Therefore, cases such as farr<\/em> have historical and etymological reasons for a terminal doubling. For instance, farr<\/em> is a later development of xwarrah<\/em> (~ xwarna<\/em>-)\u2014already with a medial geminated [-rr<\/em>-], etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
firstly, first of all<\/td>\n\navvalan<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources tasdid-1-25a]\u0627\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u064b[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
child, offspring<\/td>\n\nbacce<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources tasdid-1-26a]\u0628\u0686\u0651\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
sensitivity, susceptibility, being emotionally touched<\/td>\n\nta’assor<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources tasdid-1-27a]\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
haughtiness, presumption, arrogance<\/td>\n\ntakabbor<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources tasdid-1-28a]\u062a\u06a9\u0628\u0651\u0631[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
pronunciation, articulation<\/td>\n\ntalaffoz<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources tasdid-1-29a]\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0651\u0638[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
seriously<\/td>\n\njeddan<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources tasdid-1-30a]\u062c\u062f\u0651\u0627\u064b[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
valley, canyon, gape<\/td>\n\ndarre<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources tasdid-1-31a]\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
circular, round<\/td>\n\nmodavvar<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources tasdid-1-32a]\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0651\u0631[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
square; quadruple<\/td>\n\nmorabba’<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources tasdid-1-33a]\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0651\u0639[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
honored<\/td>\n\nmo\u0161arraf<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources tasdid-1-34a]\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0641[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
vowel; sonant, sonic<\/td>\n\nmosavvat<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources tasdid-1-35a]\u0645\u0635\u0648\u0651\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
determined, designated; fixed, assigned, scheduled,
\nstipulated; appointed, nominated<\/td>\n		\nmo’ayyan<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources tasdid-1-36a]\u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0651\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Words may have a combination of [tag resources ps Madd-1-18d]\u0645\u062f\u0651[\/tag] ,[tag resources ps Madd-1-18c]\u062a\u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f[\/tag] ,[tag resources ps Madd-1-18b]\u0647\u0645\u0632\u0647[\/tag] ,[tag resources ps Madd-1-18a]\u062a\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0646[\/tag] ; as in: [tag resources ps Madd-1-18e]\u0627\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u064b[\/tag], in which the \u0648 is mo\u0161addad<\/em> (\u2018having ta\u0161did<\/em>\u2019; i.e., \u2018geminated\u2019), and the terminal alef<\/em> has tanvin<\/em>; [tag resources Hamze-2-40a]\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631[\/tag], in which there is a combination of hamze<\/em> and ta\u0161did<\/em>, etc.<\/p>\n

Also, bear in mind that the \u0648 in Persian numbers \u062f\u0648\u0645 dovom<\/em> and \u0633\u0648\u0645 sevom<\/em> must not be geminated. Therefore, the common pronunciation of these words as [tag resources Hamze-3-04a]\u062f\u0648\u0651\u0645[\/tag] dovvom<\/em> and [tag resources Hamze-3-04b]\u0633\u0648\u0651\u0645[\/tag] sevvom<\/em> is only on analogy with the geminated \u0648 in the Arabic \u0627\u0648\u0651\u0644 awwal<\/em> \u2018first\u2019 and \u0627\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u064b awwalan<\/em> \u2018firstly\u2019 (Persian avval<\/em>, avvalan<\/em>) (that is to say, dovom<\/em> and sevom<\/em>, without a geminated [v<\/em>] are the correct pronunciations).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[tag resources tasdid-1-43c]Ta\u0161did,[\/tag] \u062a\u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f literally, \u2018gemination,’ is sometimes called “doubling.” In Persian, when in a single morpheme (word) a segment of adjacent identical consonants occurs (that is, a consonantal sound followed by a similar consonantal sound in a following syllable, creating a cluster; as in, [bb], [cc], [dd], etc.), and the segment is followed by […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":289,"featured_media":0,"parent":53,"menu_order":6,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-62","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/62","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/289"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=62"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/62\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4416,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/62\/revisions\/4416"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/53"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=62"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}