{"id":70,"date":"2008-06-30T16:05:33","date_gmt":"2008-06-30T21:05:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/?page_id=70"},"modified":"2009-06-26T10:53:00","modified_gmt":"2009-06-26T16:53:00","slug":"ezfe-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/language-specific-grammar\/ezfe-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Ezāfe 2"},"content":{"rendered":"

Let’s continue the discussion of the ez\u0101fe<\/em><\/strong><\/a> starting with these two situations: the possessive construction<\/strong> and the adjectival construction<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

In both cases, an \u2013e<\/em> is suffixed to the possessed (in possessive case) or modified (adjectival case) noun. Compare this with the English ‘of’ as in ‘the City of<\/strong> Berkeley,’ or <\/em>‘the wheels of<\/strong> the car.’<\/p>\n

Unlike in English, the possessed noun always precedes the possessor and the adjective always follows the noun it modifies:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
my father<\/td>\npedar-e man<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Ezafe-012a]\u067e\u062f\u0631\u0650 \u0645\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(the) good father<\/td>\npedar-e xub<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Ezafe-012b]\u067e\u062f\u0631\u0650 \u062e\u0648\u0628[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

General Rules:<\/strong><\/p>\n

When the noun ends in a consonant, an [\u2013e<\/em>] is added to the noun:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Farhad’s book<\/td>\nket\u0101b-e farh\u0101d<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Ezafe-023]\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Shirin’s mother<\/td>\nm\u0101dar-e \u0161irin<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Ezafe-024]\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0634\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The famous book<\/td>\nket\u0101be ma\u2019ruf<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Ezafe-025]\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The sweet mother<\/td>\nm\u0101dar-e \u0161irin<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Ezafe-026]\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0634\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

After a final long vowels \/\u0101<\/em>\/ ( \u0627), \/\u016b<\/em>\/ (\u0648 ), and a final silent \/h<\/em>\/ ( \u0640\u0647 \/ \u0647 ), an euphonic \/y<\/em>\/ intervenes between the noun and the ez\u0101fe<\/em> ending:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
my foot\/leg<\/td>\np\u0101-ye man<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Ezafe-029]\u067e\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
a\/the beautiful face<\/td>\nru-ye zib\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Ezafe-030]\u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0632 \u06cc\u0628\u0627[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
their house\/home<\/td>\nx\u0101ne-ye \u0101n h\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Ezafe-031a](\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0627 (\u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

After a final long \/\u012b<\/em>\/ ( \u06cc), however, we do not need an euphonic \/y<\/em>\/ to help us with the articulation. Hence, in:<\/p>\n

[tag resources Ezafe-034]\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0627[\/tag]
\nsandali-e mo\u2019allem-e m\u0101<\/em>
\n\u2018our teacher\u2019s chair\u2019<\/h5>\n

the \u2013e alone would suffice, although the combination is still pronounced as sandali<\/em>–y<\/strong>e<\/em>.<\/p>\n

In the case of the silent \/h<\/em>\/, in writing, sometimes instead of the euphonic \u06cc, a diacritic is placed on the \u0647 ; i.e., [tag resources ps Ezafe-044a]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u06c0 \u0645\u0646[\/tag] , which is the same as, [tag resources Ezafe-044b]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06cc \u0645\u0646[\/tag] both pronounced x\u0101ne-ye man<\/em> \u2018my house.’<\/p>\n

Keep in mind that this symbol is not a hamze<\/em>;<\/a> it is the development of the letter \u06cc as a diacritic.<\/p>\n

Names of things like streets, oceans, seasons, weeks, mountains, or universities, fall into this category and take the ez\u0101fe<\/em>[tag resources Ezafe-051a]\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 [\/tag]linking –e<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Ferdowsi Street<\/td>\nxiy\u0101b\u0101n-e ferdowsi<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Ezafe-073b]\u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0633\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The Black Sea<\/td>\ndary\u0101-ye siy\u0101h<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Ezafe-074]\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0647[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The Pacific Ocean<\/td>\noqy\u0101nus-e \u0101r\u0101m<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Ezafe-075b]\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
the spring season<\/td>\nfasl-e bah\u0101r<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Ezafe-075c]\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0650 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0631[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
next week<\/td>\nhafte-ye digar<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Ezafe-076a]\u0647\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0654 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The Alborz Mountain<\/td>\nkuh-e alborz<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Ezafe-076b]\u06a9\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0632[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The Alps<\/td>\nkuh-e \u0101lp<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Ezafe-076c]\u06a9\u0648\u0647 \u0622\u0644\u067e[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The Tehran University<\/td>\nd\u0101ne\u0161g\u0101h-e tehr\u0101n<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources Ezafe-077]\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In addition, the ez\u0101fe<\/em>[tag resources Ezafe-079]\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 [\/tag] corresponds to the English of<\/em> in constructions like \u2018the third week of<\/em> the month\u2019:<\/p>\n

[tag resources Ezafe-080]\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646[\/tag]
\n\u0161ahr-e tehr\u0101n<\/em>
\n\u2018The City of Tehran\u2019<\/h5>\n

It is also used with the names of countries:<\/p>\n

[tag resources Ezafe-082a]\u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646[\/tag]
\nke\u0161var-e ir\u0101n<\/em>
\n\u2018Iran\u2019
\n[tag resources Ezafe-082b]\u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627[\/tag]
\nke\u0161var-e \u0101mrik\u0101<\/em>
\n\u2018America, the United States of America\u2019<\/h5>\n

This is literally \u2018the land of Iran\u2019 or \u2018the land of America\u2019 (although [tag resources Ezafe-084a]\u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631[\/tag] ke\u0161var<\/em> = \u2018country\u2019).<\/p>\n

[tag resources Ezafe-084b]\u0647\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0654 \u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0644[\/tag]
\nhafte-ye dovom-e s\u0101l<\/em>
\n\u2018the second week of<\/em> the year\u2019<\/h5>\n

A chain of the ez\u0101fe<\/em>[tag resources Ezafe-079]\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 [\/tag] is also possible:<\/p>\n

[tag resources Ezafe-089]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0654 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u0650 \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]
\nx\u0101ne-ye bozorg-e qadimi-ye sefid<\/em>
\n\u2018the big, old, white house\u2019<\/h5>\n

In the transcription of the ez\u0101fe<\/em>[tag resources Ezafe-079]\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 [\/tag] construction in Persian, never use a final [\u0640\u0647 \/ \u0647] instead of the ez\u0101fe<\/em> enclitic [-e<\/em>] (the kasre<\/em>). In other words, never write \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0645<\/span> or \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0628<\/span>, but instead always write [tag resources Ezafe-106a]\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0650\u0645\u0646[\/tag] ,\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0650 \u062e\u0648\u0628 .<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Let’s continue the discussion of the ez\u0101fe starting with these two situations: the possessive construction and the adjectival construction. In both cases, an \u2013e is suffixed to the possessed (in possessive case) or modified (adjectival case) noun. Compare this with the English ‘of’ as in ‘the City of Berkeley,’ or ‘the wheels of the car.’ […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":289,"featured_media":0,"parent":51,"menu_order":11,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-70","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/70","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/289"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=70"}],"version-history":[{"count":35,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/70\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4443,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/70\/revisions\/4443"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/51"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=70"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}