{"id":71,"date":"2008-06-30T16:12:05","date_gmt":"2008-06-30T21:12:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/?page_id=71"},"modified":"2009-06-26T10:46:50","modified_gmt":"2009-06-26T16:46:50","slug":"ezfe","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/language-specific-grammar\/ezfe\/","title":{"rendered":"Ez&#257;fe 1"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Persian forms the [tag resources Ezafe-093]<em>ez\u0101fe<\/em>[\/tag] \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 construction to connect words. We use it primarily in three situations:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Possession<\/strong>: to connect the possessed noun with its owner<\/li>\n<li><strong>Adjectival phrases:<\/strong> to modify nouns<\/li>\n<li><strong>Naming:<\/strong> to connect people and titles and places, days, and seasons and their names.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In all three cases, two words are connected using a short <em>-e<\/em> sound. The primary noun comes first and is followed by the word modifying it with the short <em>-e<\/em> connecting the two. When a word ends in a consonant, the <em>ez\u0101fe<\/em> is pronounced but not written; however, we can mark it using the diacritical mark <em>kesre<\/em> \u06a9\u0633\u0631\u0647, which becomes the <em>kesre-ye ez\u0101fe <\/em>\u06a9\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0654 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>This feature is best explained with examples.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Possession:<\/strong><\/p>\n<table class=\"border\" border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"15\" width=\"450\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>My book<\/td>\n<td><em>ket\u0101b-e man<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\n<h4>[tag resources ezafe1_01]\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646[\/tag]<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Your pen<\/td>\n<td><em>qalam-e to<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\n<h4>[tag resources ezafe1_02]\u0642\u0644\u0645\u0650 \u062a\u0648[\/tag]<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Bahr\u0101m\u2019s mother<\/td>\n<td><em>m\u0101dar-e bar\u0101m<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\n<h4>[tag resources ezafe1_03] \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0650 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0645[\/tag]<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sara\u2019s father<\/td>\n<td><em>pedar-e s\u0101r\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\n<h4>[tag resources ezafe1_04] \u067e\u062f\u0631\u0650 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627[\/tag]<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>The professor\u2019s notebook<\/td>\n<td><em>daftar-e ost\u0101d<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\n<h4>[tag resources ezafe1_05]\u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f[\/tag]<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Ownership can be expressed using a pronoun, a proper name, or a noun.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Adjectives:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h5>[tag resources ezafe1_06]\u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0645\u0650 \u062e\u0648\u0628[\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>film-e xub<\/em><br \/>\n&#8220;The good movie&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources ezafe1_07]\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0650 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u062d\u0627\u0644[\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>mard-e xo\u0161h\u0101l<\/em><br \/>\n&#8220;The happy man&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources ezafe1_08]\u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0632\u0650 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641[\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>films\u0101z-e ma&#8217;ruf<\/em><br \/>\n&#8220;The famous director&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources ezafe1_09]\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0650 \u0645\u0647\u0645[\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>kel\u0101s-e mohem<\/em><br \/>\n&#8220;The important class&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources ezafe1_10]\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0650 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631[\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>s\u0101l-e digar<\/em><br \/>\n&#8220;Next year&#8221;<\/h5>\n<p><strong>Naming: <\/strong><\/p>\n<h5>[tag resources ezafe1_11]\u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0633\u06cc[\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>xiy\u0101b\u0101n-e ferdosi<\/em><br \/>\n&#8220;Ferdowsi Street&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources ezafe1_12]\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647\u0650 \u062a\u06af\u0632\u0627\u0633[\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>d\u0101ne\u0161gah-e tegz\u0101s<\/em><br \/>\n&#8220;The University of Texas&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources ezafe1_13]\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0631[\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>fasl-e bah\u0101r<\/em><br \/>\n&#8220;The Spring Season&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources ezafe1_14]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u06cc[\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>x\u0101num-e mahmudi<\/em><br \/>\n&#8220;Ms. Mahmudi&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources ezafe1_15]\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646[\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>\u0161ahr-e tehr\u0101n<\/em><br \/>\n&#8220;The city of Tehran&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources ezafe1_16]\u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646[\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>ke\u0161var-e ir\u0101n<\/em><br \/>\n&#8220;The country of Iran&#8221;<\/h5>\n<p>When ez\u0101fe is added to a word that ends in a vowel, the short -e sound becomes a yeh sound. In such cases, the ez\u0101fe is always pronounced and usually written.<\/p>\n<p>If a word ends in a long vowel, the letter yeh is written to connect it with its modifier:<\/p>\n<h5>\u0627<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources ezafe1_17]\u0622\u0642\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631[\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>\u0101q\u0101y-e af\u0161\u0101r<\/em><br \/>\n&#8220;Mr. Afshar&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources ezafe1_18]\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0628[\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>d\u0101ne\u0161joy-e xub<\/em><br \/>\n&#8220;The good student&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources ezafe1_19]\u067e\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646[\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>p\u0101y-e man<\/em><br \/>\n&#8220;My foot\/leg&#8221;<\/h5>\n<p>This rule applies to all three cases, possession, adjective, and naming.<\/p>\n<p>If a word ends in the short vowel designated by the <em>heh do-cheshm<\/em> (\u0647), then <em>ez\u0101fe<\/em> may be marked in two ways.<\/p>\n<p>Most commonly, a <em>hamze<\/em> \u0621 is added on top of the final <em>heh<\/em>:<\/p>\n<h5>[tag resources ezafe1_20]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0654 \u0645\u0627[\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>x\u0101ne-ye m\u0101<\/em><br \/>\n&#8220;Our house&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources ezafe1_21]\u0647\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0654 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631[\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>hafte-ye digar<\/em><br \/>\n&#8220;Next week&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources ezafe1_22]\u0627\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0654 \u062e\u0648\u0628[\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>amsale-ye xub<\/em><br \/>\n&#8220;The good examples&#8221;<\/h5>\n<p>Occasionally, you will find the letter <em>yeh<\/em> in place of the <em>hamze<\/em>:<\/p>\n<h5>\u0627<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources ezafe1_23]\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u0645\u0627[\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>x\u0101ne-ye m\u0101<\/em><br \/>\n&#8220;Our house&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources ezafe1_24]\u0647\u0641\u062a\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631[\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>hafte-ye digar<\/em><br \/>\n&#8220;Next week&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>[tag resources ezafe1_25]\u0627\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0628[\/tag]<br \/>\n<em>amsale-ye xub<\/em><br \/>\n&#8220;The good examples&#8221;<\/h5>\n<p>Although the <em>ez\u0101fe<\/em> is usually marked on words that end in vowels, texts in certain printed sources\u2014like newspapers\u2014 often neglect this convention.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Persian forms the [tag resources Ezafe-093]ez\u0101fe[\/tag] \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 construction to connect words. We use it primarily in three situations: Possession: to connect the possessed noun with its owner Adjectival phrases: to modify nouns Naming: to connect people and titles and places, days, and seasons and their names. In all three cases, two words are connected using [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":289,"featured_media":0,"parent":51,"menu_order":10,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-71","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/71","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/289"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=71"}],"version-history":[{"count":35,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/71\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4442,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/71\/revisions\/4442"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/51"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=71"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}