{"id":72,"date":"2008-06-30T16:25:09","date_gmt":"2008-06-30T21:25:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/?page_id=72"},"modified":"2009-05-20T16:57:31","modified_gmt":"2009-05-20T22:57:31","slug":"verb-to-be","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/verbs\/verb-to-be\/","title":{"rendered":"Verb “To Be”"},"content":{"rendered":"

Personal endings of the verb “to be”<\/strong>\u2014also called present copulas\u2014which are affixed to the end of nouns or adjectives, with the exception of the third singular, are as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
I am<\/td>\nam<\/em><\/td>\n \u0645\u0646 \u0627 [tag resources verbtobe_01]\u0640\u0640\u064e\u0645 [\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
you are (singular)<\/em><\/td>\ni<\/em><\/td>\n \u062a\u0648\ufe8d\ufef4 [tag resources verbtobe_02]\u0640\u0640\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
he, she, it is<\/td>\nast<\/em><\/td>\n\u0627\u0648 [tag resources verbtobe_03]\u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
we are<\/td>\nim<\/em><\/td>\n \u0645\u0627 \u0627 [tag resources verbtobe_04]\u0640\u0640\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
you are (plural)<\/em><\/td>\nid<\/em><\/td>\n\u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627 [tag resources verbtobe_05]\u0640\u0640\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
they are<\/td>\nand<\/em><\/td>\n \ufe81\ufee7\u0647\u0627 \ufef4[tag resources verbtobe_06]\u0640\u0640\u064e\u0646\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Each of these copulas has all the information about the person, the number, and the tense. That is to say, for instance, \u062e\u0648\u0628\u0645 (without the pronoun \u0645\u0646) already means “I am fine.”<\/p>\n

Orthographically after a long [\u0101] and [\u016b], normally an euphonic \u06cc\u0640 or alef (and in certain cases, either of the two) intervene between the noun\/ adjective and these copulas. The exceptions are in the case of the second singular, which invariably takes only the \u06cc\u0640, and the third singular, which either stays as \u0627\u0633\u062a, or is contracted (that is, it drops the initial alef).<\/p>\n

Since the segment \u06cc\u06cc is pronounced as \u2019i and not yi, from early times within the Arabicized era some writers\/copyists started writing the segment phonetically a \u0626\u06cc, which historically and etymologically is incorrect. That is, writing \u062a\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc\u06cc as \u062a\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u0626\u06cc and \u0686\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u06cc as \u0686\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0626\u06cc is entirely incorrect. It must be understood that hamze is not a feature that belongs to Persian grammar; it belongs to Arabic and cannot replace a Persian feature, or be used with Persian words. In the following examples, the \u06cc\u06cc (\u06cc\u06cc\u0645, \u06cc\u06cc\u062f) segment is transcribed as \u2013yi, but it should be pronounced as \u2013\u2019i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
I am here.<\/td>\nman inj\u0101yam\/inj\u0101 am<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_07]\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u064e\u0645 \/ \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0627\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
You are here.<\/td>\nto inj\u0101yi<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_08]\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
He, she is here.<\/td>\nu inj\u0101 ast\/inj\u0101st<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_09]\u0627\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a \/ \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
We are here.<\/td>\nm\u0101 inj\u0101yim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_10]\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0645 \/ \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
You are here.<\/td>\n\u0161om\u0101 inj\u0101yid<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_11]\u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \/ \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
They are here.<\/td>\n\u0101n h\u0101 inj\u0101yand\/inj\u0101 and<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_12]\u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f \/ \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
I am [a] student.<\/td>\nman d\u0101ne\u0161j\u016b(y)am<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_13]\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc\u064e\u0645\/ \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
You are [a] student.<\/td>\nto d\u0101ne\u0161j\u016byi<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_14]\u062a\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
He, she is [a] student.<\/td>\nu d\u0101ne\u0161j\u016b ast\/d\u0101ne\u0161j\u016bst<\/em><\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_15]\u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\/ \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
We are students.<\/td>\nm\u0101 d\u0101ne\u0161j\u016byim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_16]\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0645 \/ \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
You are students.<\/td>\n\u0161om\u0101 dane\u0161j\u016byid<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_17]\u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u062f\/ \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
They are here.<\/td>\n\u0101n h\u0101 dane\u0161j\u016b(y)and<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_18]\u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u062f\/ \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

After the silent \/h\/ (and variably after \/i\/) an euphonic alef (never the \u06cc\u0640, with the exception of the second singular) is used:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
I am at home.<\/td>\nman dar x\u0101ne am<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_19]\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
You are at home.<\/td>\nto dar x\u0101neyi<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_20]\u062a\u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u06cc\/\u0627\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
He, she is at home.<\/td>\nu dar x\u0101ne ast<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_21]\u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
We are at home.<\/td>\nm\u0101 dar x\u0101neyim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_22]\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
You are at home.<\/td>\n\u0161om\u0101 dar x\u0101ney id<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_23]\u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
They are at home.<\/td>\n\u0101n h\u0101 dar x\u0101ne and<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_24]\u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Words ending in \u06cc are inconsistence, as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
I am (an) Iranian.<\/td>\nman ir\u0101niyam \/irani am<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_25]\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0645\/\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
You are (an) Iranian. (singular) <\/em><\/td>\nto ir\u0101niyi
\n<\/em><\/td>\n		[tag resources verbtobe_26]\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06cc\/\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u06cc\u06cc\u200c\/\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
He, she is (an) Iranian.<\/td>\nu ir\u0101ni ast\/ir\u0101nist <\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_27]\u0627\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \/ \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
We are Iranian.<\/td>\nm\u0101 ir\u0101niyim <\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_28]\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
You are Iranian. (plural) <\/em><\/td>\n\u0161om\u0101 ir\u0101niyid
\n<\/em><\/td>\n		[tag resources verbtobe_29]\u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
They are Iranian.<\/td>\n\u0101n h\u0101 ir\u0101ni and <\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_30]\u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u064e\u0646\u062f\/\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

As Ferdowsi says:<\/p>\n

\n\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u064e\u0645 \u066c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0640\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0640\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062e\u0640\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0640\u062a
\n\u0686\u0640\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0640\u0640\u062f\u066c \u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0640\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0640\u0627\u062f \u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0645 \u0648 \u0628\u0631 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f
\nman ir\u0101niyam, in \u0161o\u2019\u0101r-e man ast vatan dusti eftex\u0101r-e man ast
\nco ir\u0101n nab\u0101\u0161ad, tan-e man mab\u0101d bedin bum-o bar zende yek tan mab\u0101d
\n\u2018\u201cI am (an) Iranian,\u201d this is my motto; patriotism (literally, loving the homeland) is my honor
\nWithout Iran, may I cease to exist (literally, may my body cease to be);
\nMay not even one soul (literally, body) exist in this land\u2019<\/h5>\n

In this case Persian speakers are usually more comfortable using the long copulas (with the exception of the 3rd singular, in which case the long copula means a different verb, namely, \u2018to exist\u2019):<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
I am (an) Iranian.<\/td>\nman ir\u0101ni hastam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_32]\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
You are (an) Iranian.<\/td>\nto i\u0101ni hasti singular<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_33]\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
He, she is (an) Iranian.<\/td>\nu ir\u0101ni ast\/ir\u0101nist<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_34]\u0627\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\/ \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
We are Iranian.<\/td>\nm\u0101 ir\u0101ni hastim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_35]\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
You are Iranian.<\/td>\n\u0161om\u0101 ir\u0101ni hastid plural<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_36]\u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
They are Iranian.<\/td>\n\u0101n h\u0101 ir\u0101ni hastand<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_37]\u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Note that the third singular \u0627\u0633\u062a is a full grade verb, and not an ending.<\/p>\n

Examples:<\/p>\n

Nouns: Adjectives:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
I am happy.<\/td>\nman xo\u0161h\u0101lam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_38]\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nI am a physician.<\/td>\nman peze\u0161kam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_39]\u0645\u0646 \u067e\u0632\u0634\u06a9\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
You are happy.<\/td>\nto xo\u0161h\u0101li<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_40]\u062a\u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\nYou are a physician.<\/td>\nto peze\u0161ki<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_41]\u062a\u0648 \u067e\u0632\u0634\u06a9\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
He\/she is happy.<\/td>\nu xo\u0161h\u0101l ast<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_42]\u0627\u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\nHe\/she is a physician.<\/td>\nu peze\u0161k ast<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_43]\u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0632\u0634\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
We are happy.<\/td>\nma xo\u0161h\u0101lim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_44]\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\nWe are physicians.<\/td>\nma peze\u0161kim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_45]\u0645\u0627 \u067e\u0632\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
You are happy.<\/td>\n\u0161oma xo\u0161h\u0101lid<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_46]\u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\nYou are physicians.<\/td>\n \u0161oma peze\u0161kid<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_47]\u0634\u0645\u0627 \u067e\u0632\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
They are happy.<\/td>\n\u0101nha xo\u0161h\u0101land<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_48]\u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\nThey are physicians.<\/td>\n\u0101nha peze\u0161kand<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources verbtobe_49]\u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u067e\u0632\u0634\u06a9\u0646\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Personal endings of the verb “to be”\u2014also called present copulas\u2014which are affixed to the end of nouns or adjectives, with the exception of the third singular, are as follows: I am am \u0645\u0646 \u0627 [tag resources verbtobe_01]\u0640\u0640\u064e\u0645 [\/tag] you are (singular) i \u062a\u0648\ufe8d\ufef4 [tag resources verbtobe_02]\u0640\u0640\u06cc[\/tag] he, she, it is ast \u0627\u0648 [tag resources verbtobe_03]\u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag] […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":289,"featured_media":0,"parent":46,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-72","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/72","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/289"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=72"}],"version-history":[{"count":44,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/72\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4414,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/72\/revisions\/4414"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/46"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=72"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}