{"id":82,"date":"2008-07-01T16:47:36","date_gmt":"2008-07-01T21:47:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/?page_id=82"},"modified":"2009-04-25T10:38:07","modified_gmt":"2009-04-25T16:38:07","slug":"comparative-superlative","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/adjectives\/comparative-superlative\/","title":{"rendered":"Comparative"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n
(\u0635\u0641\u062a + \u062a\u0631 = \u0635\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631 (\u0635\u0641\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0636\u06cc\u0644\u06cc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
adjective + -tar <\/em>= comparative adjective<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In Persian, the comparative adjective<\/strong> is formed by the addition of the postposition [tag resources comparative_superlative_001]\u062a\u0631[\/tag] tar<\/em> to the adjectives:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
big, large, great<\/td>\nbozorg<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources comparative_01]\u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
bigger, larger, greater<\/td>\nbozorgtar<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources comparative_02]\u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u200c\u062a\u0631[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
pretty, beautiful<\/td>\nqa\u0161ang<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources comparative_03]\u0642\u0634\u0646\u06af[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
prettier, more beautiful<\/td>\nqa\u0161angtar<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources comparative_04] \u0642\u0634\u0646\u06af\u200c\u062a\u0631 [\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nAlthough occasionally this particle is orthographically attached to the adjective, it is better to write it separately.<\/p>\n

Whether the second term of comparison is a noun, pronoun, or numeral, singular or plural, it takes the preposition [tag resources comparative_superlative_006]\u0627\u0632[\/tag] az<\/em> \u2018from, of, than.\u2019 The az<\/em>-phrase variably precedes or follows the adjective immediately:<\/p>\n

[tag resources comparative_superlative_007] .\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nin med\u0101d az \u0101n med\u0101d siy\u0101htar ast<\/em>
\n“This pencil is more black than that pencil.”
\n[tag resources comparative_superlative_008] .\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/p>\n

[tag resources comparative_superlative_009] .\u0698\u0648\u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0631\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\n\u017eubin az \u0101ra\u0161 bolandtar ast<\/em>
\n“Jubin is taller than Arash.”
\n[tag resources comparative_superlative_010] .\u0698\u0648\u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/p>\n

[tag resources compadj_01].\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nin x\u0101ne az \u0101n yeki zib\u0101tar ast<\/em>
\n“This house is more beautiful than the other one.”
\n[tag resources compadj_02].\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a [\/tag]<\/h5>\n

A variable comparative form for [tag resources comparative_superlative_013] \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f [\/tag] ziy\u0101d<\/em> \u2018much,\u2019 instead of [tag resources comparative_superlative_014] \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0631 [\/tag] \u2018more,\u2019 is [tag resources comparative_superlative_015] \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u062a\u0631, [\/tag] which is used more profusely than [tag resources comparative_superlative_016] \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0631 [\/tag]:<\/p>\n

[tag resources compadj_03] .\u0647\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nhaft az cah\u0101r bi\u0161tar ast<\/em>
\n“Seven is more than four.”
\n[tag resources compadj_04] .\u0647\u0641\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/h5>\n

A comparative adjective which is used more often for [tag resources comparative_superlative_019] \u062e\u0648\u0628 [\/tag]xub<\/em> \u2018good\u2019 is [tag resources comparative_superlative_020] \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 [\/tag] beh tar<\/em>, from a different adjective, namely,[tag resources comparative_superlative_021] \u0628\u0647 [\/tag]beh<\/em>, which is now obsolete as an adjective. The expected form [tag resources comparative_superlative_022] \u062e\u0648\u0628\u200c\u062a\u0631 [\/tag] is hardly ever used.<\/p>\n

Due to the frequency of usage, these two particular comparative adjectives are almost always written attached; that is, [tag resources comparative_superlative_023] \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 [\/tag] and[tag resources comparative_superlative_024] \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631, [\/tag] instead of[tag resources comparative_superlative_025] \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u062a\u0631 [\/tag] and [tag resources comparative_superlative_026] \u0628\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631.[\/tag]<\/p>\n

The most common intensifying adverb (that is, English \u201cmuch\u201d) is[tag resources comparative_superlative_027] \u062e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc [\/tag] xeyli<\/em>, which may precede the az<\/em>-phrase, or the comparative adjective:<\/p>\n

[tag resources compadj_05] .\u06cc\u0644\u062f\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u0646 \u0642\u0634\u0646\u06af\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nyald\u0101 xeyli az susan qa\u0161angtar ast<\/em>
\n“Yalda is much prettier than Susan.”
\n[tag resources compadj_06] .\u06cc\u0644\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u0646 \u062e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0642\u0634\u0646\u06af\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/h5>\n

And, since the az<\/em>-phrase can variably precede or follow the comparative adjective:<\/p>\n

[tag resources compadj_07] .\u06cc\u0644\u062f\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0642\u0634\u0646\u06af\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]<\/h5>\n

In addition to[tag resources comparative_superlative_031] \u062e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc, [\/tag] there are more formal words, which are used in writings, or spoken by more educated people. Some of these adverbs and adverbial phrases may be compared with (and translated as) \u201cmuch\u201d and \u201cmuch, much more\u2026\u201d in English. Some of these adverbs and adverbial phrases are as follows (all of the above variations apply):<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 besiy\u0101r<\/em> \u2018a whole lot\u2019:
\n[tag resources compadj_08].\u06cc\u0644\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0634\u0646\u06af\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nyald\u0101 az susan besiy\u0101r qa\u0161angtar ast<\/em>
\n“Yalda is much prettier than Susan.”<\/p>\n

be mar\u0101teb<\/em> \u2018in succession\u2019:
\n[tag resources compadj_09] \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u2190 \u06cc\u0644\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0642\u0634\u0646\u06af\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nyald\u0101 az susan be mar\u0101teb qa\u0161ang tar ast<\/em>
\n“Yalda is much prettier than Susan.”<\/p>\n

bi and\u0101ze<\/em> \u2018immeasurably\u2019:
\n[tag resources compadj_10]\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u2190 \u06cc\u0644\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0642\u0634\u0646\u06af\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nyald\u0101 az susan bi and\u0101ze qa\u0161angtar ast<\/em>
\n“Yalda is much, much prettier than Susan.”<\/p>\n

bi\u0161 az hadd<\/em> \u2018more than (i.e., beyond) any limits\u2019:
\n[tag resources compadj_11]\u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u2190 \u06cc\u0644\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0642\u0634\u0646\u06af\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nyald\u0101 az susan bi\u0161 az hadd qa\u0161angtar ast<\/em>
\n“Yalda is tremendously prettier than Susan.”<\/p>\n

[tag resources comparative_superlative_039] [\/tag]bi\u0161 az and\u0101ze<\/em> \u2018beyond any measures\u2019:
\n[tag resources compadj_12]\u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u2190 \u06cc\u0644\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0642\u0634\u0646\u06af\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a [\/tag]
\nyald\u0101 az susan bi\u0161 az and\u0101ze qa\u0161angtar ast<\/em>
\n“Yalda is much, much prettier than Susan.”<\/p>\n

[tag resources compadj_13] \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc [\/tag]
\nbi\u0161 tar az \u0101n ke fekr koni<\/em>
\n\u2018more than you can imagine (literally, \u201cthink\u201d)\u2019:<\/p>\n

[tag resources compadj_14].\u06cc\u0644\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc \u0642\u0634\u0646\u06af\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nyald\u0101 az susan bi\u0161 tar az \u0101n ke fekr koni qa\u0161angtar ast<\/em>
\n“Yalda is prettier than Susan, more than you can imagine\/think.”<\/h5>\n

A form of comparative adjective as[tag resources comparative_superlative_043] \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0645\u0647 [\/tag] az hame<\/em> \u2018of all\u2019 plus \u2013tar<\/em> is used in Persian, which may be compared with English ‘-set\u2026of all’ or ‘-er than all of them.’ In this case, hame<\/em> is a \u201cgeneric\u201d replacement for the true second term of the comparison; as an az<\/em>-phrase, it may precede or follow the comparative adjective:<\/p>\n

[tag resources compadj_15] .\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0644\u0628\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\nin ket\u0101b az hame j\u0101lebtar ast<\/em>
\n“This book is the most interesting of all.”
\n“This book is more interesting than (all) the rest.”<\/p>\n

[tag resources compadj_16].\u0698\u0648\u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\n\u017eubin az hame bolandtar ast<\/em>
\n[tag resources compadj_17].\u0698\u0648\u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\n\u017eubin bolandtar az hame ast<\/em>
\n“Jubin is the tallest of all.”
\n“Jubin is taller than the rest\/every body.”<\/h5>\n

If in addition to[tag resources comparative_superlative_048] \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0632 [\/tag] a true second term of comparison is also included in the sentence, it would follow the[tag resources comparative_superlative_049] \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0645\u0647 [\/tag] segment and is linked to it through an ez\u0101fe <\/em>construction. Because of the terminal \/h<\/em>\/ in[tag resources comparative_superlative_050] \u0647\u0645\u0647, [\/tag] an euphonic [-ye<\/em>] intervenes; for instance:<\/p>\n

[tag resources compadj_18].\u0686\u0644\u0648\u06a9\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0645\u0647\u0654 \u063a\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u0645\u0632\u0651\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a [\/tag]
\ncelow-kab\u0101b az hame-ye \u03b3az\u0101 h\u0101 xo\u0161mazzetar ast<\/em>
\n[tag resources compadj_19].\u0686\u0644\u0648\u06a9\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u0645\u0632\u0651\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0645\u0647\u0654 \u063a\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a[\/tag]
\ncelow-kab\u0101b xo\u0161mazzetar az hame-ye \u03b3az\u0101 h\u0101 ast<\/em>
\n“Chelo-kabaab is the most delicious of all foods.”<\/h5>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

(\u0635\u0641\u062a + \u062a\u0631 = \u0635\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631 (\u0635\u0641\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0636\u06cc\u0644\u06cc adjective + -tar = comparative adjective In Persian, the comparative adjective is formed by the addition of the postposition [tag resources comparative_superlative_001]\u062a\u0631[\/tag] tar to the adjectives: big, large, great bozorg [tag resources comparative_01]\u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af[\/tag] bigger, larger, greater bozorgtar [tag resources comparative_02]\u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u200c\u062a\u0631[\/tag] pretty, beautiful qa\u0161ang [tag resources comparative_03]\u0642\u0634\u0646\u06af[\/tag] prettier, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":289,"featured_media":0,"parent":45,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-82","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/82","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/289"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=82"}],"version-history":[{"count":63,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/82\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3777,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/82\/revisions\/3777"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/45"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=82"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}