{"id":98,"date":"2008-07-03T11:40:51","date_gmt":"2008-07-03T16:40:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/?page_id=98"},"modified":"2009-04-16T13:47:55","modified_gmt":"2009-04-16T19:47:55","slug":"past-perfect","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/verbs\/past-perfect\/","title":{"rendered":"Past Perfect"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/a><\/p>\n

In Persian, the past perfect<\/strong> is constructed by the addition of the past copulas to the past participle. The stress falls on the last syllable of the participle (note that the construction of the past perfect<\/strong> is dependent upon the past participle<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
We had said.<\/td>\ngofte budim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources pastperfect_01a]\u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
You had said. plural<\/em><\/td>\n gofte budid<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources pastperfect_02]\u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
They had said.<\/td>\n gofte budand<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources pastperfect_03]\u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
I had said.<\/td>\n gofte budam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources pastperfect_04]\u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
You had said. singular<\/em><\/td>\n gofte budi<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources pastperfect_05]\u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
He\/she had said.<\/td>\n gofte bud<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources pastperfect_06]\u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The negative is constructed by the addition of the stressed prefix [-na] to the participle, as in \u0646\u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0645 nagofte budam<\/em> “I had not said.”<\/p>\n

The past perfect, sometimes also called pluperfect, indicates that two actions took place\u2014and completed\u2014in the past, while one preceded the other.<\/p>\n

By and large, the Persian past perfect corresponds to the English past perfect:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
I had seen.<\/td>\ndide budam<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources pastperfect_07]\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
You had sat. singular<\/em><\/td>\nne\u0161aste budi<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources pastperfect_08]\u0646\u0634\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u06cc[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
She\/he had gone.<\/td>\nrafte bud<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources pastperfect_09]\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
We had eaten.<\/td>\nxorde budim<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources pastperfect_10]\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
You had heard. plural<\/em><\/td>\n\u0161anide budid<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources pastperfect_11]\u0634\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
They had lived.<\/td>\nzendegi karde budand<\/em><\/td>\n[tag resources pastperfect_12]\u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f[\/tag]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In many instances it is used in sentences in which the adverb \u201calready\u201d is used in English:<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastperfect_13]\u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f[\/tag]
\nvaqti ke rasidam, \u0101n h\u0101 \u0161oru\u2019 karde budand<\/em>
\n\u201cWhen I arrived, they had already started.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources pastperfect_14]\u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u060c \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0645[\/tag]
\npi\u0161 az \u0101n, \u0101nj\u0101 r\u0101 dide budam<\/em>
\n\u201cI had already seen that place before.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources pastperfect_15]\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0645 \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f[\/tag]
\np\u0101rs\u0101l be inj\u0101 \u0101madand, amm\u0101 s\u0101l-e qabl ham \u0101made budand<\/em>
\n\u201cThey came her last year, but they had already come the year before.\u201d<\/h5>\n

With the adverb \u0647\u0646\u0648\u0632 hanuz<\/em> \u2018yet, still\u2019 and a negative verb in the past perfect clause, followed by the conjunction \u06a9\u0647 ke<\/em> \u2018that, which, when\u2019 sentences are constructed whose notion equates the idiomatic English, \u201cscarcely had subject followed by a past participle verb\u2026that\/when\u2026verb in the past absolute\u201d or \u201cno sooner had subject followed by a past participle verb\u2026than\u2026verb in the past absolute\u201d:<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastperfect_16]\u0647\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u0646\u0646\u0634\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0645\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u062f[\/tag]
\nhanuz nane\u0161aste budam, ke dar b\u0101z \u0161od<\/em>
\n\u201cScarcely had I sat down when the door opened.\u201d
\n\u201cNo sooner had I sat down than the door opened.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources pastperfect_17]\u0647\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0645\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a.[\/tag]
\nhanuz l\u0101-ye majalle r\u0101 b\u0101z nakarde budam, ke \u0101n r\u0101 az man gereft<\/em>
\n\u201cScarcely had I opened the magazine when he\/she took it from me.\u201d
\n\u201cNo sooner had I opened the magazine than he\/she took it from me.\u201d<\/h5>\n

Sometimes in an emphatic statement the order of the \u201cwhen-clauses\u201d is reversed. In this case, of the compound adverb \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 vaqti ke<\/em> \u2018when\u2019 only ke is used and the emphasis falls upon the first clause. Generally speaking, this construction expresses the impossibility of the reversing an action which has already taken place (i.e., it is too late to undo it). Compare the following sentences:<\/p>\n

[tag resources pastperfect_18]\u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f[\/tag]
\nvaqti ke m\u0101 rasidim, \u0101n h\u0101 \u0161oru\u2019 karde budand<\/em>
\n\u201cWhen we arrived, they had already started.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources pastperfect_19]\u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0645[\/tag]
\n\u0101n h\u0101 \u0161oru\u2019 karde budand ke m\u0101 rasidim<\/em>
\n\u201cThey had already started when we arrived.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources pastperfect_01]\u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062f[\/tag]
\nvaqti ke man u r\u0101 didam, \u0161om\u0101 be ir\u0101n rafte budid<\/em>
\n\u201cWhen I saw her\/him you had already gone to Iran.\u201d<\/h5>\n
[tag resources pastperfect_21]\u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0645[\/tag]
\n\u0161om\u0101 be ir\u0101n rafte budid ke man u r\u0101 didam<\/em>
\n\u201cWhen I saw her\/him you had already gone to Iran.\u201d
\n\u201cYou had already gone to Iran when I saw her\/him.\u201d<\/h5>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In Persian, the past perfect is constructed by the addition of the past copulas to the past participle. The stress falls on the last syllable of the participle (note that the construction of the past perfect is dependent upon the past participle). We had said. gofte budim [tag resources pastperfect_01a]\u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0645[\/tag] You had said. plural […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":289,"featured_media":0,"parent":46,"menu_order":5,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-98","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/98","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/289"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=98"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/98\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3552,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/98\/revisions\/3552"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/46"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.la.utexas.edu\/persian_online_resources\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=98"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}