Past Participle
   

In order to construct the present perfect, past perfect, or the present perfect continuous, we first need to learn to construct the past participle.

In Persian, the past participle is constructed by the addition of an [-e] to the past stem of the verbs whether the verb is simple, complex, or compound:

Past Participle

fallen oftāde [tag resources pastparticiple_01]افتاده[/tag]
picked up bardāšte [tag resources pastparticiple_02]برداشته[/tag]
said gofte [tag resources pastparticiple_03]گفته[/tag]
seen dide [tag resources pastparticiple_04]دیده[/tag]
eaten xorde [tag resources pastparticiple_05]خورده[/tag]
lived zendegi [tag resources pastparticiple_06]زندگی کرده[/tag]
gone rafte [tag resources pastparticiple_07]رفته[/tag]

Past Stem

[tag resources pastparticiple_08]افتاد – [/tag]
[tag resources pastparticiple_09]برداشتـ -[/tag]
[tag resources pastparticiple_10]گفتـ -[/tag]
[tag resources pastparticiple_11]دید -[/tag]
[tag resources pastparticiple_12]خورد -[/tag]
[tag resources pastparticiple_13]زندگی کرد – [/tag]
[tag resources pastparticiple_14]رفت -[/tag]

Infinitive

[tag resources pastpart_01] افتادن -[/tag]
[tag resources pastpart_02]برداشتـن -[/tag]
[tag resources pastpart_03]گفتـن -[/tag]
[tag resources pastpart_04]دیدن -[/tag]
[tag resources pastpart_05]خوردن – [/tag]
[tag resources pastpart_06]زندگی کردن -[/tag]
[tag resources pastpart_07]رفتن[/tag]-

Numerous nouns and adjectives, as derivative of verbs, are constructed in this manner. Compare the following pairs:

to die mordan [tag resources pastparticiple_22]مردن[/tag]
dead morde [tag resources pastparticiple_23]مرده[/tag]
[tag resources pastparticiple_24]مرد مرده[/tag]
mard-e morde, adjective
“A/the dead man.”

[tag resources pastparticiple_25]مرده را آوردند[/tag]
morde rā āvardand, n.
“They brought the dead/the deceased.”

to pass gozaštan [tag resources pastparticiple_26]گذشتن[/tag]
passed, bygone gozašte [tag resources pastparticiple_27]گذشته[/tag]
[tag resources pastparticiple_28]روزگار گذشته[/tag]
ruzgār-e gozašte, adjective
“The old days,” literally, “The (by)gone times.”

[tag resources pastparticiple_29] !گذشته را فراموش کن[/tag]
gozašte rā farāmuš kon!, noun
“Forget the bygones/past!”