Copulas. In dealing with the copulas, colloquial Persian has two sets, which are added to words as suffixes, as follows.
The first set is used after consonants:
After [-i], with the exception of the first person singular and the third person singular and plural, an euphonic [ی] intervenes before the ending, and the three close fronts are glided upon:
[tag resources diglossia09009]ایرونی[/tag] iruni ‘Iranian’:
| iruniyam | [tag resources diglossia09010]ایرونیم[/tag] | iruniyim | [tag resources diglossia09011]ایرونی ییم[/tag] |
| iruniyi | [tag resources diglossia09012]ایرونیی[/tag] | iiruniyin | [tag resources diglossia09013]ایرونین[/tag] |
| iruniye | [tag resources diglossia09015]ایرونیه[/tag] | iruniyan | [tag resources diglossia09022]ایرونین[/tag] |
Because of the cumbersome articulation, after [i] usually Persian speakers prefer to use the long copula hast– form with the second person singular and first person and second person plural, in which case the treatment is the same as in dealing with the terminal consonants:
| iruniam(hassam) | [tag resources diglossia09017]ایرونیم[/tag] | iruni hassim | [tag resources diglossia09018]ایرونی هسیم[/tag] |
| iruni hsati | [tag resources diglossia09019]ایرونی هستی[/tag] | iruni hassin/-id | [tag resources diglossia09020]ایرونی هسین[/tag] |
| irunie | [tag resources diglossia09021]ایرونیه[/tag] | irunian(hassan) | [tag resources diglossia09022]ایرونین[/tag] |
| –am | –im |
| –i | –in |
| -e | -an |
خوب xub ‘good, fine’:
| xubam | خوبم | xubim | خوبیم |
| xubi | خوبی | xubin | خوبین |
| xube | خوبه | xuban | خوبن |
The first set is used after consonants:
The only terminal short vowel in Persian is [-e], which represents a classical [-a] (in most cases from a Middle Persian [-ag] suffix). In the case of the vowels the following must be considered:
With a terminal short vowel [e], the following set is used and an euphonic [ی] intervenes between the word and the second person singular and the first person and second person plural suffixes. With the first person singular, the [-e] becomes very weak and a glide occurs. With the third person singular the terminal [-e] is assimilated into the initial [a-] of the suffix. With the third person plural, it is optional to retain or drop the [-e]:
| -am | -yim |
| -yi | -yin |
| -as(t) | -an |
خونه xune ‘home; at home’:
| xune͡am | [tag resources diglossia09024]خونه ام[/tag] | xuneyim | [tag resources diglossia09025]خونه ایم[/tag] |
| xuneyi | [tag resources diglossia09026]خونه ایی[/tag] | xuneyin | [tag resources diglossia09027] خونه این[/tag] |
| xunas/xunas(t) | [tag resources diglossia09029] خونه ست / خونه س [/tag] | xunan or xune͡an | [tag resources diglossia09030] خونه ان / خونه (ا)ن [/tag] |
With a long [ā], the following set is used. (Note that the [ی] in the second person singular and the first person and second person plural is euphonic.):
| -m | -yim |
| -yi | -yin |
| -s(t) | -n |
[tag resources diglossia09031] اینجا[/tag] injā ‘here’:
| injām | [tag resources diglossia09032]اینجام[/tag] | injāyim | [tag resources diglossia09033]اینجا ایم[/tag] |
| injāyi | [tag resources diglossia09034]اینجایی[/tag] | injāyin | [tag resources diglossia09035]اینجاین[/tag] |
| injās(t) | [tag resources diglossia09037]اینجاس / اینجاست[/tag] | injān | [tag resources diglossia09038]اینجان[/tag] |
With a long [u], the following set (including the euphonic [ی] explained above) is used:
| -am | -yim |
| -yi | -yin |
| -e | -an |
[tag resources diglossia09039]ترسو[/tag] tarsu ‘timid, pusillanimous’:
| tarsu͡am | [tag resources diglossia09040]ترسوام[/tag] | tarsuyim | [tag resources diglossia09041]ترسوایم[/tag] |
| tarsuyi | [tag resources diglossia09042]ترسویی[/tag] | tarsuyin | [tag resources diglossia09043]ترسوین[/tag] |
| tarsu͡e/(t) | [tag resources diglossia09045]ترسوِ / ترسوست[/tag] | tarsu͡an | [tag resources diglossia09046]ترسون[/tag] |
With a long [i], a set similar to [-u-] is used (including the euphonic [ی] explained above). However, to prevent a hiatus, often with the second person singular and the first person and second person plural the verb hastan is used:
| -am | -yim |
| -yi | -yin |
| -e | -an |
[tag resources diglossia09050] راضی[/tag]rāzi ‘content, satisfied, pleased’:
| rāziyan(more like rāzi͡an) | [tag resources diglossia09051]راضین[/tag] | rāziyi (hassin/hastin) | [tag resources diglossia09052] راضی هسین/راضی هستین [/tag] |
| rāziyi(hassid/hastid) | [tag resources diglossia09054]راضی هستید [/tag] | rāziyin( rāzi hassin/hastin, rāziyid, hastid) |
[tag resources diglossia09053]راضید[/tag] |
| rāziye | [tag resources diglossia09055]راضیه[/tag] | rāziyan | [tag resources diglossia09056]راضین[/tag] |
Instructional Technology Services