Diglossia Rules

In spoken Persian the numbers also undergo some modifications as well:

one yek [tag resources diglossia10001]یک[/tag] ye [tag resources diglossia10002]یه[/tag]
four cahār [tag resources diglossia10003]چهار[/tag] cār [tag resources diglossia10004]چار[/tag]
six šeš [tag resources diglossia10005]شش[/tag] šiš [tag resources diglossia10006]شیش[/tag]
fourteen cahārdah [tag resources diglossia10009]چهارده[/tag] cārda: [tag resources diglossia10010]چاردَ[/tag]
fifteen pānzdah [tag resources diglossia10011]پانزده[/tag] punza: [tag resources diglossia10012]پونزَ[/tag]
sixteen šānzdah [tag resources diglossia10013]شانزده[/tag] šunza: [tag resources diglossia10014]شونزَ[/tag]
seventeen hefdah [tag resources diglossia10015]هفده[/tag] hivda: [tag resources diglossia10016]هیودَ[/tag]
eighteen hejdah [tag resources diglossia10017]هجده[/tag] hižda: [tag resources diglossia10018]هیژدَ[/tag]
fourty cehel [tag resources diglossia10019]چهل[/tag] cel [tag resources diglossia10020]چل[/tag]
fifty panjāh [tag resources diglossia10021]پنجاه[/tag] panjā: [tag resources diglossia10022]پنجا[/tag]
sixty šast [tag resources diglossia10023]شصت[/tag] šas [tag resources diglossia10024]شص[/tag]

Although technically yek ‘a, one’ and the indefinite ی ‘a’ cannot be used together with the same noun, in spoken Persian they are always used together in dependant clauses; for example, [tag resources diglossia11001]یه مردی بود[/tag]ye mard-i bud… ‘there was a man…’ (very sporadically ye mard bud; but never mard-i bud), [tag resources diglossia11002]یه کتابی خریدم[/tag] ye ketāb-i xaridam… ‘I bought a book…’, etc. In poetry occasionally this occurs because of the timing of the verse. For instance, in the following distich, Mowlānā Jalāl ud-Din Balkhi (aka Rumi), instead of [tag resources diglossia11003]یک شبان[/tag] yek šabān has used [tag resources diglossia11003a]یک شبانی[/tag] yek šabān-i; because شبان šabān is disyllabic while he needed a trisyllabic word:
did musā yek šabāni rā be rāh[tag resources diglossia11004]دید موسی یک شبانی را به راه[/tag]

‘once Moses saw a shepherd on the/his way’

Although Persian does not have a definite article of any sort, and a noun is only syntactically introduced as definite, the spoken Persian has an [-e] enclitic, which functions as a definite article. This [-e] takes the stress:

mard-e| [tag resources diglossia12001]مردی[/tag] ‘the man’
ketāb-e| kojās? [tag resources diglossia12002]کتابه کجاست؟[/tag] ‘where is the book?’
māšin-e| ro xaridam [tag resources diglossia12003]ماشین رو خریدم[/tag] ‘I bought the car’ (Tehrani, māšinaro xaridam)

(Note: In the Persic dialects, such as Shirazi, Bushehri, etc., this definite enclitic is [-u], which just like its Standard Persian counterpart, takes the stress; as in [tag resources diglossia12004]مردو[/tag] mardu|, [tag resources diglossia12005]زنو[/tag]zanu|, [tag resources diglossia12006]کتابو[/tag] ketābu|, ‘the man,’ ‘the woman,’ ‘the book,’ etc.)