In order to construct the present perfect, past perfect, or the present perfect continuous, we first need to learn to construct the past participle.

In Persian, the past participle is constructed by the addition of an [-e] to the past stem of the verbs whether the verb is simple, complex, or compound:

Past Participle

Past Stem

افتاد –
برداشتـ -
گفتـ -
دید -
خورد -
زندگی کرد –
رفت -

Infinitive

افتادن -
برداشتـن -
گفتـن -
دیدن -
خوردن –
زندگی کردن -
رفتن -

Numerous nouns and adjectives, as derivative of verbs, are constructed in this manner. Compare the following pairs:

مرد مرده
mard-e morde, adjective
“A/the dead man.”

مرده را آوردند
morde rā āvardand, n.
“They brought the dead/the deceased.”

روزگار گذشته
ruzgār-e gozašte, adjective
“The old days,” literally, “The (by)gone times.”

!گذشته را فراموش کن
gozašte rā farāmuš kon!, noun
“Forget the bygones/past!”